(14) Will an electric lighting plant be required?

(15) If so, will there be any lights required in addition to what are necessary for lighting the factory and yard, and about how many lights?

(16) Will electric motors be installed to drive the auxiliary machinery in factory, or are steam engines preferred?

(17) Is it intended to make a granulated white, or a semi-refined washed sugar to be sold in the market, or 96° centrifugal to be sold to refinery?

(18) Give size of sugar storage room required.

(19) Is a bagged sugar conveyor desired for the sugar storage room?

(20) What will be the dimensions and weight of the filled bags? Will they be paper-lined?

(21) What will be done with the refuse molasses, and to about what purity will it require to be reduced?

(22) How long does the grinding season last?

(23) At what date must this factory be ready for grinding cane?

(24) Is a fully equipped machine shop required?

(25) Are molasses storage tanks required and for about what capacity (in U. S. gallons)?

(26) If the water-supply is scanty, so that a cooling-tower may be required; describe the force, constancy, etc., of the winds that may be expected and state (in general terms) the relative humidity of the atmosphere.

(27) If a cooling tower will probably be required (it should preferably be placed on a slight elevation), state how far from the factory site it will be located, so that an estimate may be made of the amount of piping required.

(28) What type of building construction is desired? If of corrugated steel on a steel frame: Are the floors to be of wood, concrete or steel plate; are the windows to be of glass, steel shutters, or gratings; is the usual finish, gutters, etc., to be supplied, or is the building to be as plain as possible?

Additional information required if bid or estimate is required on the factory erected and in running order.

(29) Freight charges; will these be paid by owners or by contractor? If by the latter, give all information as to landing charges, facilities at wharf and on railroad for handling heavy machinery, a full schedule of freight charges, maximum capacities of cars and clearance limits on the railroad, facilities for unloading, distance from railroad to site of factory and means of transporting material this distance with costs.

(30) Customs Duties; will these be paid by owners or by contractor?

(31) State possibility of obtaining, and cost of site of red brick, lime, sand and stone for concrete, sand for mortar, lumber, cement, fire-brick, etc.

(32) Is native labor available for skilled and unskilled work? State the wages and relative efficiencies of each class as compared to imported labor. State the possibilities of obtaining work done by sub-contract, with costs.

(33) What is the character of the foundation material on the site of the factory? If possible, state its safe load-bearing value. (See p. 18.)

(34) Will factory supplies for the test-run period be paid for by the owners or by the contractor?

(35) State any government regulations as to buildings, labor, licences, etc.

CHOICE OF A FACTORY SITE; POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED

(1) Location with regard to raw material; total resultant freight charges on same to site to be a minimum: locate so as to take best advantage of gravity operations.

(2) Location with regard to transportation: advantages of water transportation; advantages of water transportation for bulky or heavy material; advantages of a R. R. centre or junction; possibility of convenient R. R. spur; convenient dock facilities.

(3) Labor.-Advantages of city for a business with a fluctuating labor demand; advantages of country for contented and cheaper help in a stable industry; advantages of suburban location as a compromise; suitable housing or housing site; living expenses; prevailing rate of wages; quantity of labor available, quality and probable fields of supply.

(4) Value of Property.—First cost; appreciation in value; tax-rate.

(5) Special considerations peculiar to the industry; see other schedules. (6) Fuel. Ascertain quality available; get samples for analysis (see p. 296); price f.o.b.; quantity available; whether special terms can be arranged; standing of mining or distributing company, and possibility of acquiring control of same. (7) Water for Condensing Purposes.-Source; salt or fresh; mechanical or chemical impurities; if foul, and liable to attack metal or packing in jet or surface condensers, obtain sample for analysis, and if possible ascertain effect on apparatus in neighboring plants; temperature (important); quantity; variation of flow; level above or below (mill floor) datum; variation of level.

(8) Water for Mill Use.-Source; ascertain temperature, quantity, level, variation in quantity and level, quality (obtain sample for analysis); special quality desired or not desired for certain trades.

(9) Drainage Conditions.-Show direction of probable sewer on map (13); give available fall; final disposition (cess-pool, stream, river, etc.); special considerations of water-polluting trades.

(10) Atmospheric Conditions.-Direction of prevailing wind (with reference to location of ventilators, disposition of fumes and smoke, etc.); severity, frequency, direction and characteristics of average and of greatest storms, maximum windvelocity in miles-per-hour (important); yearly rainfall, its distribution by months, maximum fall, reliability, etc. (get data from Weather Bureau); yearly snowfall, its distribution by months, maximum depth, etc. (from W. B.); get data on sunlight, cloudiness, etc., if of effect upon the industry.

(11) Earthquakes Inundations, Etc.-Liability, recurrence and severity.

(12) Foundations.-Safe bearing power of foundation soil at requisite depth at various positions on site (see p. 18).

(13) Topographical Map.-This is always desirable and frequently imperative; much of the information noted above may be conveniently shown on this map; for large areas (sugar-plantations, etc.) should include the whole and contiguous area, with factory site in greater detail.

(14) Building Operations.—Quality and cost of available building material, lumber, sand, stone, brick, etc.; quality and rate of wages of available labor, skilled and unskilled; provision for housing builders, with costs; transportation of building material and machinery to site, capacities of cranes, wharves, rolling- stock, tunnels, bridges, unloading devices, highways, etc., freight rates (special arrangements); customs duties on all material (straighten out obscurities); building laws; boiler rules; employers' liability laws.

CHAPTER II

DESIGNING AND DRAFTING SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter is presented in tabulated form the routine of the more common cases of engineering design and drafting. Many important branches of engineering, however, have not been referred to at all for reasons explained in the preface to this volume, but it is believed that sufficient examples have been given to point the way to the compilation of similar "reminders" on other work. The chapter is written more particularly from the standpoint of the man on the board; the idea being that the reminders be consulted either before or after the completion of a design to make sure that there have been no serious errors, either of commission or omission. It is the result of an idea of the author's when he first entered a drawing office, an idea hazy at the time but gradually crystallized, that there ought to be some system in use for preventing, to a certain extent at least, his frequent mistakes and omissions at that period of his apprenticeship.

It is realized, of course, that no system can take the place of experience, but there can be little objection to the use of system to aid and force experience, and this is the idea intended to be conveyed by the items of this book in general and this chapter in particular. Most engineers for their private use, and some firms for circulation in their own office, compile "reminders" similar to those given below, but the distribution of these is limited; and to the young engineer therefore, and also to those engineers who have not the systematic mind, the scheme and details of this chapter are particularly addressed.

A word of warning, or, rather, a declaration of fact, is here in order. It is impossible to apply to the designing office the principles of efficiency which call for the greatest output in a given time. Men of imaginative mind, designers of originality, and inventors, are very frequently extremely unsystematic in their work and erratic as to their output. To try to gauge the worth of a man engaged on an important design by the number of days or weeks he spends on it, does not indicate a very broad understanding on the part of the management, when one considers that the expenditure of an additional week's thought or investigation on a problem of importance may result in savings of thousands of dollars in first cost and the final success of the enterprise, in place of otherwise inevitable failure.

Some lines of drafting (and even designing) have been so thoroughly systematized, however, that efficiency methods, speaking in the usual sense of the term, are already in force, and advantageously so; structural-steel work being a particular case in point.

SEC. I. OUTLINES FOR ENGINEERING DESIGNS

OUTLINE FOR ENGINEER'S DESIGN FOR A STEEL MILL BUILDING

The following enumerations are intended as "reminders" to the engineer engaged in producing designs for a mill building for the purpose of obtaining bids on the material. It is supposed that the drawings and specifications are sufficiently complete, so that, while any special features desired are clearly shown or designed, yet the contractor is enabled to embody his own convenient sizes and details into as much of the work as possible, under the control of full and unmistakable specifications.

For "Outline of Specifications" for this design, see p. 103.

No rule can be laid down as to what items should appear on the drawing, and what in the specifications, convenience will govern in each case; but, in general, it should be noted that sizes, etc., given on the drawing should not be repeated in the specifications, and vice versa.

For a more complete and detailed list of material, such as must be considered by the contractor's engineer in preparing estimates on this class of work, see p. 263.

(1) General

Principal dimensions; lengths, breadths and heights.

Spacing of trusses for economy, etc.

Pitch of roof.

Spacing of purlins.

Monitors.

Future extensions.

Floors and galleries.

Cranes.

Details of old work to be joined to.

Shafting Supports.

(2) Loads

Dead load of structure.

Wind on structure (roofing, siding and frame).

Snow.

Arbitrary roof load.

Extra load to take care of corrosion.

Floor loads (live).

Crane loads; other machinery.

Future loads.

Initial stress in bracing.

Earthquake strains.

Erection stresses.

Loads on lower chords.

(3) Structural Design

Allowable Stresses: tensile, compression-formula, max. comp., shearing, shear and bending on shop and field rivets, comp. on concrete and brickwork. Decrease of above for live loads.

Increase of same for wind strains.

Deduction for rivet-holes.

Plate-girder rules: flanges, webs, stiffeners, rivet-spacing, etc.

Combined stresses.

Crane Girders: top-flange rivets, connection to column for maximum shear,
horizontal stiffness.

Crane Columns: eccentric loading, max. 1/r, bracing.
Interferences: cranes, doors, windows, machinery.
Maximum 1/r for main and secondary members.

Purlin spacing: framing around stacks, etc.

Siding framing: posts, girts, door and window framing.
Partition framing.

Punching of purlins, etc., for spiking-pieces.

Bracing: top-chord, bottom-chord, sway, longitudinal, monitor, knee bracing.
Struts peak, eave, top-chord, bottom-chord, girt.

Tie rods: bottom-chord, floor.

Sag rods: roof and sides.

Finishing-angles.

Elevator-shaft framing.

Checkered-plate floors; expanded-metal for concrete floors.

Base-plates; area, thickness.

Anchor-bolts; net area, length, attachment to column, location.

Minimum thickness of metal; exception in case of webs of beams and channels.

Field connections; riveted or bolted or both.

To satisfy Building Laws, or Code of Nat. Board of Fire Underwriters.
Overhanging eaves; openings under same.

(4) "Finishing" Work

Corrugated Galvanized Steel (or Iron); thickness for roof, sides and partitions, fastenings for sheets to one another and to purlins and girts.

Other coverings: slate, tar-and-gravel, etc.

Sheathing for same; spiking-pieces.

Windows: fixed and sliding sash, shutter windows, 10 percent excess glass

(to cover breakage in shipment), putty, etc.

Window operating devices. Window gratings or grilles.

Skylights.

Doors: plain, hardwood, sandwich, rolling-shutter, lift, sliding.

Flashing for windows, stacks, etc.

Cornice; ridge-roll; corner-boards; base-boards; thickness of metal for same.

Gutters and Leaders: size, and thickness of metal.

Louvers and Ventilators: shape, and thickness of metal.

Hardware: locks and keys.

Window-guards: Door-guards.

Railings; Net height.

Stairs and Ladders; Fire-escapes.

Elevator-shaft grilles.

Wire net for ventilating openings and tool-rooms.

Flagpole.