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EVENTS OF THE MONTH.

1. An Italian Squadron in South American Waters, re-establishe1 by King Humbert Convention of the Irish race was opened at Dublin.

The finding of gold in Newfoundland caused great excitement.

British Consul at Manila telegraphed to Hong Kong for assistance.

New Sultan of Zanzibar announced his accession to the Throne.

Annual Conference of the Iron and Steel Institute opened at Bilbao.

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Five thousand Armenians reported massacre l the preceding week.

10.

The Conference of the Institute of Journalists was convened at Belfast.

11.

MR. W. CONYNGHAM GREENE. The New British Political Agent in the Transvaal. (Photograph by Bassano).

2. Annual Congress of the Sanitary Institute opened by the Duke of Cambridge at Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Programme of Reforms agreed to by the
Sultan.

3. The Porte announced that persons connected with
the recent outbreaks in Constantinople will be
tried by an extraordinary Tribunal.
Senator Palmer nominated for President of the
United States by the Sound Money Democrats.
4. The Annual Convention of the Irish National
League of Great Britain was held in Dublin.

5. Editors of two Cairo journals were imprisoned and fined for gross attacks on Queen Victoria.

The Arctic steam yacht Windward arrived
in the Thames.

A scheme for the settlement of the School
Question which satisfies the Dominion
Government approved by the Manitoba
Council.

6. The chief Cretan Insurgents declared their satisfaction with the reforms suggested by the Powers.

Dr. Gallagher was put in a strait-jacket in a
Sanitorium on Long Island.

Trade Union Congress opened in Edinburgh.

Sixteen officers who deserted to assist the Cretans
were sentenced to death at Athens.

Mr. Bryan accepted his nomination as Presi- 20.
dential Candidate of the National Silver
Party.

Mr. T. S. Stick, manager of a colliery at Hanley,
was suffocated by "Black Damp."

Paris swept by a hurricane.

A Resolution demanding the abolition of child
labour until 15 years of age, was passed at
Edinburgh by the Trade Union Congress.
Proclamation of the New Reforms was issued by
the Governor-General of Cr. te.

Georgi Pasha Berovitch reappointed Governor-
General of Crete.

Publication of the Text of the Collective Note
addressed to the Porte.

12. Major Tennant's Column after severe fighting

destroyed Simbanoatu's kraal.

13. Ten thousand persons attended the Agrarian Conference in Vienna.

14. Notorious Dynamiters arrested in Rotterdam,

Boulogne, and Glasgow.

Li Hung Ching sailed from Vancouver for
Hong-Kong.

Ambassadors met in Constantinople to consider

methods of protecting Foreign Residents.

15. Army officers who were convicted at Bow Street were allowed to retire from the Service. Associated Chambers of Commerce assembled at Southampton.

A Resolution calling on the Government to make the London County Council the Water Authority for London was adopted by the Reform Union.

Mr. Tom Mann was expelled from Hamburg, where he had expected to address a meeting of seamen and dock labourers.

15. The States-General of Holland opened by the Queen-Regent.

16.

Several panics occurred in Constantinople. Annual Meeting of the British Association convened at Liverpool.

was appointed Minister at the Hague; Mr. Le Marchant Gosselin, Secretary of Embassy at Berlin, was made Secretary of Embassy at Paris.

New paper currency in Cuba met with strong opposition.

Troops occupied Kerman.

A Deputation waited upon the Mayor of Liverpool to ask him to convene a town meeting. Meeting held in Manchester in connection with the Armenian agitation.

Many public meetings touching the Armenians held throughout the country.

Miss Frances Willard exhorted Americans to help the Armenians. Dongola entered by the troops.

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MR. ROBERT ANDERSON, LL.D., C B. Director of the Criminal Investigation Department. (Photograph by W. G. Moore, Dublin.)

21. Three Thousand Striking Miners attacked two Mines at Leadville.

Port of London Docks, Wharves, Warehouses 22.
and Granaries Association declined to agree
to the proposals made by the International
Federation of Ships, Dock and River Workers.
Tailoring Trade Dispute settled favourably to
the men.

Troops all concentrated at Fereig.

Mr. Laurier announced that the Government would soon endeavour to negotiate a Reciprocity Treaty with the United States. Six hundred Armenians killed at Kharput. 17. The Seventh Peace Congress opened

at

A Decree confiscating the Property of Insurgents
was issued by the Governor of the Philippines.
The Emperor and Empress of Russia arrived at
Leith.

Women's Congress opened in Berlin.
London Cabmen passed Resolutions approving &
strike against the Privilege System in force at
most Railway Stations.

23. To-day the Queen's Reign is the longest in the History of Great Britain.

Meetings denouncing the Armenian Atrocities
were held throughout Great Britain.
Dongola taken by the Troops.

24. Mr. Gladstone appealel to the Country to deliver the Armenians.

Budapest. Letters declaring Ordinations according to the Anglican Rite invalid issue 1 by the Pope. Matabele chiefs were warned to evacuate the hills within ten days, or hostilities would be 26. resumed.

Steamer Three Friends seized at Jacksonville,
Florida.

Colonel Sir H. H. Kitchener, Sirdar of the Egyptian Army, was promoted to a MajorGeneral.

The Peary Expedition returned to Sydney from Greenland.

International Anti-Masonic Congress assembled at Vienna.

Umtigeza defeated at Fort Charter. International Agricultural Congress convened in Budapest.

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28. Serious Fighting for three days reported from 21. Earl Spencer, at Rugby, on the Armenian 22. Katharina Klafsky, singer, 31. Fort Salisbury.

29. Mr. Alderman Faudel Phillips was elected Lord
Mayor of London.

The Congregational Union at Lei ester passed 23.
Resolutions congratulating the Queen on her
long reign.

30. Resolutions deploring the Armenian Massa res
were passed by the Worcester and l'eter-
borough Diocesan Conferences
Commercial Treaty between France anl Italy
formally s gned in l'aris.

Atrocities.

Mr. Bryce, at Manche.ter, on the Armenian
Massacres.

The Bishop of Carlisle, at Carlisle, on the Pope's
Letter denying the Validity of Ang ican
Orders.

Mr. Bayarl, at Liverpol, on the Presi lcut of
the United States.

23. Sir John Erichsen, surgeon, 78.
Gilbert L. Duprez, singer, 90.

21. Baron Louis de Geer, ex-Premier of Sweden, 78.
Sir Geo. Henry Humphry, Professor of Surgery
at Cambridge, 76.

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24.

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Frederick Holmwood, Consul-General at Smyrna.
Sir George Morrison, 45.

Fred Barnard, book illustrator, 50.

The Mazoe District pronounced free from Rebels.

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Rev. John Gibson Cazenore, Sub-Dean and
Chancellor of St. Mary's, Edinburgh.

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Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs.

THE LATE MR. JUSTICE DENMAN.

THE LATE PRINCE LOBANOFF.

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8. Mr. John Reimond, at Dublin, on the Leaders of the Anti-Parnellite Party.

13. M. Bornson, at Christ'ania, on the Influence of 15. Mrs. Thurston, Nurse and Housekeeper to the

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"Then, in such hour of need

IT

Of your fainting, dispirited race,
Ye, like angels, appear,
Radiant with ardour divine!
Beacons of hope, ye appear!
Languor is not in your heart,
Weakness is not in your word,

MRS. JOSEPHINE E. BUTLER.*

Weariness not on your brow.

Ye alight in our van! at your voice,
Panic, despair, flee away.

Ye move through the ranks, recall
The stragglers, refresh the outworn,
Praise, re-inspire the brave!
Order, courage, return;

I-THE DISCOVERER OF A LOST ATLANTIS. is one of the traditions of the human race that there was once a great continent named Atlantis, which stood somewhere between the Old World and the New. Long æons ago it was overwhelmed by some cataclysm, and all trace of Atlantis utterly perished from the world. To this day, however, it is said there emerge from time to time adventurous explorers who, penetrating almost almost webfooted through the floating vegetation of the Sargasso Sea, claim to have come upon more or less distinct traces of the continent that was destroyed for the sins of its people. Vague, contradictory as these rumours are, they encourage a hope that one day, some hero, combining in his own person the gifts of a Livingstone and a Layard, may rediscover the lost Atlantis, and restore the vanished continent to mankind.

It is the peculiar glory of Mrs. Butler that to her was reserved, in this century, the task of rediscovering a segment of humanity which, until she arose, had been almost as completely submerged from human ken as the continent of Atlantis. No Sargasso Sea of drifting morass and floating forest could conceal behind a more impenetrable barrier the surviving peaks of the sunken continent than the suspicion, the prejudice, and the

Eyes rekindling, and prayers,
Follow your steps as ye go.
Ye fill up the gaps in our files,
Strengthen the wavering line,
Stablish, continue our march,
On, to the bound of the waste,
On, to the City of God!"
Matthew Arnold.

path, was asserted unhesitatingly in relation to all women who, whether driven to it by sheer starvation or the impossibility of regaining a foothold among the

respectable, had made a living out of their frailty. The women of the town, it was declared, were outcast, disinherited, excommunicate -things rather than women. And as a proof that this is no exaggeration, the Administration, in some cases acting through its executive, in others through the legislature, doomed them to lifelong slavery, and destroyed by law or by ordinance their claim to the most sacred and inalienable of all human rights the right to their own persons and their own liberty.

Then Josephine Butler arose, and of her own knowledge, born of much painful and terrible exploration of the Sargasso Sea of this Under World, bore testimony to all men that human hearts still were to be found even in this lost Atlantis of Stateregulated vice, and that woman did not lose the indestructible divinity of her sex even when she had made of it merchandise in order to procure her daily bread. It was an achievement the full significance of which few adequately appreciate. But it is one for which all those who realise, however dimly, the indescribable horrors that ensue whenever the doors of justice and liberty are barred against any section of the race. must for ever hold her blessed. This volume of "Personal Reminiscences" reminds us of much more than what Mrs. Butler recalls. The Great Crusade of which she speaks was primarily a crusade against the State patronage of prostitution. But it had its roots in the discovery which Mrs. Butler had made of the essential and indestructible womanhood of the prostitute. M. Vigliani, an Italian who a quarter of a century since held high office in Rome, said to Mrs. Butler, "A woman

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FROM A BUST OF MRS. BUTLER.

selfishness by which fallen women were fenced off from their kind. It was assumed tacitly by most good people, and openly asserted by most of those who were not good, that women who, from whatever cause. had failed to preserve their chastity, thereupon sank for ever into the abyss. This doctrine, which may perhaps be somewhat extreme in the case of a single lapse from the straight

"Personal Reminiscences of a Great Crusade." By Josephine E. Butler. London: Horace Marshall and Son. 78. 61. Pp. 409.

who has once lost chastity has lost every good quality. She has from that moment all the vices. Once unchaste she has all the vices." M. Vigliani therein merely expressed the doctrine which is the antithesis of Mrs. Butler's discovery. In Geneva a pious Pharisee called on her, who argued strenuously in favour of the doctrine that prostitutes cannot be regarded any longer as women. "When I pleaded for pity," writes Mrs. Butler, " Msaid, Bah! what does it matter. A few women, so very few.'

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The whole essence of the C. D. Acts and of the S'ate regulation of prostitution is based upon the belief that womanhood perishes with virginity, unless the marriage ceremony has been duly performed. To enslave human beings having at last become repugnant to the conscience of Christendom, it was necessary as a preliminary to enslaving any class first to read it out of the pale of humanity with bell, book and candle. Once deny the human nature of any section of the community and the door is opened to every excess of cruelty. If they are not human we can crimp them as cod, boil them as lobsters, bleed them slowly to death like calves, vivisect them as guineapigs, or, worse still, we can place them under the control of the police surgeons of prison houses of ill-fame licensed and patronised by the State. And no one shall say us nay. They have ceased to be human.

Vice is bad enough even when it is the free choice of free men. It is infinitely more odious when it is enforced by law and made the livelihood of slaves. Prostitution in England is purgatory, on the Continent it is hellwith the doctor and the policeman sitting.at its gates, much as Milton pictured Sin and Death at the entrance of the Pit. That the servitude of the regulated, policelicensed, doctor-inspected institution is not exaggerated, may be seen from the following passage from a book written by an enthusiastic French doctor, who, in his zeal for his craft, proposed that all fallen women should be examined surgically every morning, as a kind of family worship to the goddess Hygeia. It is true, says this authority, that women detest this degrading ord al. But what does that matter? :

Their will is annihilated before the will of the Administration. Their rôle, their part in life, becomes absolutely passive from the hour that they cross the threshold of the maison tolerée. They have renounced all free will, and there is nothing left for them but to obey. They no longer belong to themselves, but become merely the chattels of the Administration. They are cut off not from society only, but from heaven, from hope, and from the power to repent.

It was because Mrs. Butler, from her own personal knowledge of the class thus exiled from the pale of humanity, knew that even in their shame they retained the imperishable divinity of womanhood, that she flung herself with all the passion of her nature into the crusade against the system, over the shattered ruins of which some Anglo-Indians do not cease to shed unavailing tears.

It is well that this volume of " Reminiscences" should appear at the moment when the often-defeated enemy appears to be considering whether or not he should make a desperate rally to regain the position from which he was dispossessed after nearly thirty years' hard fighting. And it is always well to be reminded of the continued existence amongst us of one who has done as much as any other living person to revive that faith in humanity which lies at the basis of all confidence in God.

Hence in reviewing the book of Mrs. Butler's "Reminiscences of the Crusade," I shall fall naturally into

recounting some reminiscences of Mrs. Butler, and so I throw the notice of her latest book into the shape of a Character Sketch rather than of a Review. But a Character Sketch is not a biography, and I shall try to keep within the narrow limits within which the chroniclers of her work are compelled to walk, owing to Mrs. Butler's extreme dislike to personal articles about herself.

II. REMINISCENCES OF THE BEGINNING.

"It is thus that God works," said an Italian lady after meeting Mrs. Butler. "When He designs some great reform, He plants a deep conviction in the soul of one of His servants, who appears to the world as a fanatic." A fanatic, if you please, but also a woman of exquisite womanliness, the secret of whose success was the intensity of her sympathy; a prophetess with a burning message to the men and women of this generation. Such a personality is too rare and too valuable to be permitted the luxury of concealment.

THE CAUSE INCARNATED.

Nor indeed is it possible to write of the Crusade without reference to its Peter the Hermit, without whom it becomes, indeed, unintelligible and comparatively uninteresting. It is the personality of Mrs. Butler which gives the key to the whole movement and differentiates it from all other movements of the kind. Speaking of the Crusade in her" Reminiscences," Mrs. Butler says:

It is generally allowed that this has been one of the most vital movements of Christian times, affecting, in its inner meaning and influence, the sources of all that is wholesome, just, and good in human life; and destined in the shock of its encounter with some of the worst evils of society, to become & purifying and ultimately victorious power. Our long years of labour and conflict ought, indeed, not to be forgotten. A knowledge of, and a reverence for, the principles for which we have striven ought to be kept alive, for these principles are very far from being even yet so clearly recognised as that our children and our children's children may not be called upon to rise again and again in their defence.

THE ROOT OF THE CRUSADE.

That is true, and very true. But "the principles for which we have striven " can be in no way so efficiently kept alive as by an understanding of the root from which they sprang. That root was the passionate revolt-in no person incarnate so completely as in Mrs. Butler-against the dehumanising of any class. There are those who imagine that the Crusade was in its essence an aspiration after greater purity of life. They are mistaken. That, no doubt, was one of the tributary rills which fed the parent stream. But the Crusade from first to last was not a struggle for ideal purity. It was a campaign for justice-a resolute revolt against the doctrine that the moral shortcomings of the individual justified the State in denying to him or to her the inalienable rights of a human being. A parallel instance will explain and illustrate this. The Northern armies who crushed the Confederacy in America were not primarily fighting for the abolition of slavery. The Abolitionist sentiment swelled their ranks and contributed to their success, but their one object was the maintenance of the Union and the denial of any right in any authority whatever to separate any of the federated States from the Union. So Mrs. Butler fought for Humanity one and indissoluble, waging war not primarily against incontinence and vice, but against the attempt to deny to the victims of these vices their privileges as citizens, their rights as human beings.

A CAMPAIGN FOR JUSTICE.

Mrs. Butler says quite truly, "It may surprise some of my readers to learn that the first great uprising against legalised vice had much less of the character of the revolt of a sex' than has been often supposed." It was as a citizen of a free country first, and as a woman secondly, that I felt compelled to come forward in the defence of the right." The Crusade was essentially a cry for "equal justice." "The very idea of justice, justice in the abstract," she wrote in 1883, "appears to be a thing past the comprehension of many persons. England has forgotten, to some extent, the sound traditions by which we are taught to apply to all alike the great principles of justice and of the common law. Stronger than all bodily needs, deeper even than love of kindred and country and of freedom itself, lies buried in the heart of man the desire for justice." But there is hardly a principle of justice that was not outraged by the Regulation System. If it was not the sum of all villanies, it was the climax of all injustice, and the public proclamation of outlawry against a class, arbitrarily selected for excommunication, not because of their own guilt, but for the sake of the convenience of their more guilty accomplices.

THE BENEDICTION OF THE APOSTLES OF LIBERTY.

Mrs. Butler was not alone in regarding the C. D. Acts as the defiant challenge by the forces of evil of all that was most sacred in the English Constitution. In her new book she publishes letters from Mazzini, Victor Hugo, and others, which show that the vital significance of the protest against the creation of a slave class was plainly perceived by the leaders of the people in every land. Mazzini from the first gave the cause his warmest support. To him the legislation was a fatal retrocession in English justice, introducing the worst feature of American slavery into England, and sanctioning the immoral doctrine of the natural subjection of one-half the human race as corpora vilia who may be sacrificed for the benefit, real or imaginary, of the other half. He regarded this question as inseparably linked with the gravest problems which weigh upon society at the present day." John Stuart Mill shared the views of Victor Hugo and Mazzini; and William Lloyd Garrison, the pioneer of slave emancipation in America, hailed the movement as one of the most remarkable uprisings against unjust, criminal, and immoral legislation ever witnessed."

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LIBERTY-A LAMENT

Yet Mrs. Butler feels compelled in her " Reminiscences " to utter a pathetic lament over the extent to which the ancient constitutional principles of English liberty have been obscured by the fetish of Socialistic State worship. She says:

It is to those principles, and to the successive noble struggles for their preservation, that England owes, in a large measure, her greatness; if indeed we may venture to use that word. Those principles I have ever believed, and continue to believe, have their foundation in the Ethics of Christ; and therefore it is that they have endured so long, and prevailed against repeated and violent attacks. But they are being lost to us now. Slowly, gradually, they have ceased to be respected. They do not readily flow on alongside of all the Democratic tendencies of our times. All political parties alike, it seems to me, now more or less regard those principles as out of date, old-fashioned, impossible as a basis of action. My heart is sorrowful as I record this conviction. I recall the past of our country's history, with its loyalty and love for those great constitutional principles for which patriots have suffered and died, and for which we, in our struggle, were also ready to

suffer and die. I contrast that loyalty and that love with the present prevailing loose notions concerning the worth of the individual, the sacredness of the human person, and of liberty. As I do so it seems to me that I am standing by the side of a bier, and looking on the face of a dead friend.

This is perhaps too mournful a view to take of the present passion for protective legislation. Mrs. Butler would be the first to deny that in relation to the great question, the equality of justice for men and women before the law, there has been any retrogression. On the contrary, there is no party or school of politics at home or abroad that so consistently and so persistently demands equality of justice and equality of rights for both sexes as the Socialists, whose devotion to their fetish fills Mrs. Butler with misgivings.

HER SYMPATHY WITH THE DISINHERITED.

To understand Mrs. Butler, however, it is necessary to grasp the point that it was a mere accident-if we may so speak-that her movement tended in favour of women and of purity. Women happened to be the victims, and they were being enslaved in the interest of vice. Hence the direction of Mrs. Butler's crusade. But she was almost as keen in her advocacy of revolt whenever she saw, or thought she saw, liberty and justice in danger. Her utterances in favour of the Irish, of the Soudanese, of the victims of Trafalgar Square, and of the Hindoos were almost as emphatic as those on behalf of the white slaves of the Police des Mours. It was this element in her which led her to exercise such an inexhaustible patience on my behalf, for she was good enough to regard me from of old as not so much a person as a kind of journalistic speaking-trumpet for the oppressed. She wrote to me once:

I don't care myself what occasional errors you may lean towards; you are on the side of the people-the poor, the misunderstood, and those who have no helpers. The respectable, and even the Christian folks seem to me to be so much eaten up by their own privileges and self-interest that they have little or no compassion for the disinherited of earth. I thank you, and bless you from my heart of hearts for the stand you take, and because you care for the disinherited.

HER DISTRUST OF CENTRALISATION

That was the note of all Mrs. Butler's work. She was on the side of the disinherited, and that she is not a Socialist is due solely to her bitter experience of the way in which the tyranny of an omnipotent State weighs on the poor. Writing to me once when the question of a London municipality was under discussion, she said:

I should fear to see one huge municipality for four to five millions of people. I hate big bodies; when they become corrupt their stench is intolerable, and they are always unelastic. I should much prefer to see London divided into several municipalities, with some sort of central committee for the management of affairs which cannot be subdivided. I believe though elected yearly, it would, in its turn, become an instance of the evils of centralisation, evils which Socialists are apparently not at all alive to. Their State would soon become as great a tyrant as other States.

-AND OF ALL GOVERNMENTS.

Yet notwithstanding this she was ever on terms of sympathy with Socialists, and sometimes expressed her distrust of all governments in terms which logically arrayed her with the Anarchists. For instance, on one occasion she wrote, speaking of a mutual friend :

I am anxious that he should never take office; men are lost when they do so. I can echo the words of a French Reformer: "I never see my friends the moment they take office"; i.e., I am blind to their existence, and they to mine. X. hopes

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