Louisiana became ours. in April, 1803, and was ratified October 20, 1803, by a vote of 24 to 7. In his message to Congress, Jefferson outlined the policy of the United States which, later, became known by the name of his ambassador the "Monroe doctrine."

The convention was concluded

Fully and firmly as he was convinced that the acquisition of Louisiana was essential to the peace and security of the United States, and to the fair development of its resources and its commerce, Jefferson did not delude himself into the belief, nor pretend to others, that this purchase could be justified under a strict construction of the Constitution; but rather defended it upon the doctrine, Necessitas non habet lex. It was clear to him that Louisiana must be ours, or we would soon be embroiled in a war with France. He suggested an amendment to the Constitution which should authorize the purchase; but determined that the purchase could not await that slow process. He likened his position to that of a guardian who invests his ward's money without authority; and when the ward comes of age, the guardian reports what he has done and leaves the ward to approve or repudiate the investment: if he should repudiate, the guardian must get out of the difficulty as best he can. But the treaty of purchase was ratified by the Senate, and by universal popular approval; and no action was taken towards the proposed Constitutional amendment. Upon the question of ratifying the treaty, the debate was on the same lines as that had when Jay's treaty was under consideration; but now the Federalists and Democrats had changed sides on the issue, and each belabored the other with his own arguments used in the former discussion.

In 1802, by an amendment to the Constitution, the mode of electing President and Vice-President was changed to the present system.

Ohio was admitted into the Union in 1802.

The extreme measures under the Adams administration, as the Alien and Sedition laws, the Naturalization. law, extending the period of preliminary residence from five to fourteen years, and the appointments to office so injudiciously made during the last night of expiring power, and Jefferson's prudent exercise of his official functions, and active dissemination of his theories of government, caused many moderate Federalists to enlist under the Democrat - Republican banner. The Congressional elections showed the growing power of the dominant party; and at the next general election its victory was overwhelming and its control firmly established. Jefferson had 162; Pinckney, Federalist, 14. George Clinton of New York was chosen Vice-President over Rufus King.

In Congress the Democrats had an immense majority, controlling both branches of the legislature.'

In the Senate there were 27 Democrats and 7 Federalists; in the House, 112 Democrats and 29 Federalists. This was the ninth Congress. In the tenth Congress the Democrats had 27 in the Senate; the Federalists had 7. In the House there were 110 Democrats to 31 Federalists.

The unfriendly action of Spain continued to cripple our commerce; as did also the protracted wars in Europe, in which neither side showed much consideration for the rights of American citizens. The President, although averse to an increase of the navy, felt that something must be done to protect our commerce. In compliance with his recommendation a number of small gunboats

Electoral votes for Jefferson for President, and George Clinton for Vice-President, under the new law were: New Hampshire, 7: Massachusetts, 19; Rhode Island, 4; Vermont, 6; New York, 19; New Jersey, 8; Pennsylvania, 20; Maryland, 9; Virginia, 24; North Carolina, 14; South Carolina, 10; Georgia, 6; Tennessee, 5; Kentucky, 8; Ohio, 3-total, 162. For C. C. Pinckney for President and Rufus King for Vice-President : Connecticut, 9; Delaware, 3; Maryland, 2-total, 14.

were ordered. Randolph, who on account of pique or disappointment, or from some worthier motive, had deserted his party friends, now joined the Federalists, and brought in resolutions calculated to bring on a collision with Spain. These resolutions were voted down by the Democrats; but they passed others authorizing the purchase of Florida. This, however, was delayed more than ten years. Measures retaliating against Great Britain were introduced in 1806. A legislative "boycott" was passed, prohibiting the importation of English goods. The vote on this bill showed the relative strength of parties. In the Senate there were 19 in favor and 6 against. In the House 93 voted for the bill and only 32 against it.

An episode, with some significant political meaning and effect, occurred in 1806. This was Burr's singular and unexplained excursion to the southwest. This brilliant, erratic, and disappointed genius, burning with a desire to gratify his ambition, organized an armed expedition which sailed down the Mississippi. Believing Burr's purpose to be treasonable, Jefferson issued a proclamation warning the people not to join or aid the enterprise; and he ordered Burr's arrest. Chief Justice Marshall presided at the trial. He and Jefferson were neither personal or political friends, and Marshall's rulings at the trial incurred Jefferson's animosity. The arrest and trial took on a partisan aspect. The Federalists, who were wont to give great latitude in interpreting the Constitution, now became strict constructionists, and denounced the arrest of Burr as an Executive usurpation. Consistency is not deemed much of a jewel when party capital can be made by disregarding it. Burr, who had been a staunch Democrat, and as such had been elected Vice-President, was now taken under the wing of the Federalists, and every effort was expended to gain political capital out of his prosecution. He was acquitted on the plea to the jurisdiction; and so the matter ended.

In 1806 a treaty was negotiated with Great Britain, with the view to produce a better feeling between the two countries.

It contained no renunciation of the practice of impressment, but it was almost a duplication of the Jay treaty, which Jefferson had so violently and persistently opposed. It was, therefore, not surprising that he promptly rejected this new treaty, and that without submitting it to the Senate. English anger and arrogance became more and more undisguised and offensive. In June, 1807, a British frigate - the Leopard-forcibly took four seamen from the U. S. frigate Chesapeake, while lying in Hampton Roads. This right of search and seizure was claimed by Great Britain, and had been repeatedly exercised. And as no treaty could be secured withdrawing England's claim to exercise this alleged right, the contention continued; war was the inevitable result.

The aggressions on the commerce of the United States were fast destroying it entirely. A counter-blow must be struck. A proclamation was issued forbidding British armed vessels to enter any of the ports of the United States. Congress was called to meet in special session; the international situation was set forth in a message from the President, and upon his recommendation an act was passed prohibiting all international trade. This measure, known as the Embargo Act, gave the Federalists some substantial ground of attack upon the Democrats, and the commercial interests, which were paralyzed by the embargo, united in assailing this Democratic

measure.

It is a proverb that power always strives to perpetuate and aggrandize itself. The Democrats, who had been unyielding strict constructionists, being strongly intrenched in the government, opened the way to public improvements by passing a law for the construction of a national road from Maryland to Ohio. And Jefferson,

who knew that there was no constitutional warrant for the exercise of this power, in his message, December 1, 1806, recommended an amendment to the Constitution authorizing the expenditure of the surplus revenues on roads, canals, and education.

Another memorable event in Jefferson's administration was the suppression of the Algerine pirates. Decatur's bold and brilliant campaign was followed by a treaty of peace signed between the Barbary States and this country at Tripoli in 1805.

In 1807, through Fulton's invention, steam was first applied to the navigation of rivers.

Jefferson, having declined a third term, retired to private life in 1808, crowned with honors, and happy in the prosperity of his country.

In 1807, nominations for President and Vice-President were made by Congressional caucus. Pinckney and King were again nominated by the Federalists.

The Congressional Democratic caucus nominated James Madison to succeed Mr. Jefferson as President, and renominated Mr. Clinton for the Vice-Presidency. Nominations had not yet attained the inflexible and imperative character which afterwards attached to them. George Clinton, of New York, received six votes for President; all of the other Democratic electors (122) voted for Madison. Pinckney polled the full Federal strength (47 votes). Of the Democratic candidates for Vice-President, Clinton received 113 votes. James Monroe, through the influence and power of the Randolph faction, received 3 votes; and John Langdon of New Hampshire received 9 votes. Rufus King received the full complement of Federalist votes (47).'

Notwithstanding this small break in the

1 Electoral votes for Madison for President and George Clinton for VicePresident were: New York, 13; New Jersey, 8; Pennsylvania, 20; Maryland, 9; Virginia, 24; North Carolina, 11; South Carolina, 10; Georgia, 6; Kentucky, 7; Tennessee, 5; but Vermont, 6; and Ohio, 3, voted for