into topics which will allow separate treatment of the history of the inception of the doctrine, of its history during certain periods of time, and of examples of its practical application. It is also expected that other topics will include misconceptions and misapplications of the doctrine, and the attitude of other governments toward it. The topics and speakers have not yet been arranged by the Committee, but as soon as they are arranged tentative programs will be sent to the members of the Society.

Secondly, the Committee decided to accede to a request of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, made through the Director of its Division of International Law, that the Society place upon the program of its Eighth Annual Meeting the subject of the teaching of international law in American institutions of learning. It appears that the Endowment is working upon a "plan for the propagation, development, maintenance and increase of sound, progressive and fruitful ideas on the subject of arbitration and international law and history as connected with arbitration." The Endowment desires the Society to cooperate in carrying out this plan by placing the above mentioned subject on the program of its next annual meeting and inviting the teachers of international law and the deans of all law schools in which international law is not now taught to attend the meeting and participate in the discussions, the travelling expenses of such instructors to be paid by the Endowment. A list of seven specific questions which the conference of teachers will be asked to consider is included in the communication from the Endowment. These questions will be printed in the tentative program. The Endowment also requested permission from the Society to circulate at the Endowment's expense among the educational institutions of the country the Proceedings of the next annual meeting containing the discussions and conclusions on the questions referred to.

The third subject to be considered at the meeting will be the report of the Committee on Codification, which the Committee on the Annual Meeting understands the Committee on Codification is now ready to make.

It is expected that this program will make it necessary to add a day to the length of the meeting, so that instead of opening on Thursday night as heretofore, the meeting will begin on Wednesday night, April 22nd, at 8 o'clock, continue throughout Thursday, Friday, and Saturday morning and end with a banquet on Saturday evening April 25th.

The three evening sessions will be devoted to the consideration of the Monroe Doctrine, the morning and afternoon sessions of Thursday and Friday will be taken up with the consideration of the subject of the teaching of international law in American institutions of learning, and the session of Saturday morning will be devoted to the report of the Committee on Codification and to the business of the Society. The meeting will be held this year at the New Willard Hotel.

All members who can possibly do so are urged to attend the annual meeting. The subjects should interest every international lawyer and every teacher and student of international law. They will be presented by men of authority and ability, and all members who desire to discuss the questions will be at liberty to do so after the formal papers are read. The printed proceedings for this year should form one of the most valuable publications of the Society. In addition, the annual banquet is always a most enjoyable ending to the meeting. It is expected that the annual banquet will be up to the high standard already set for the excellence and prominence of the speakers.

MR. BACON'S MISSION TO LATIN AMERICA

Last fall the Honorable Robert Bacon, formerly Secretary of State and Ambassador to France, undertook a journey to South America on a mission for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "to secure the interest and sympathy of the leaders of opinion in the principal Latin American Republics, in the various enterprises for the advancement of international peace which the Endowment is seeking to promote; and by means of personal intercourse and explanation to bring about practical coöperation" in these undertakings. With the exception of Mr. Root's official visit, as Secretary of State in 1906, no journey by a citizen of the United States has done quite so much to encourage and stimulate the development of cordial and helpful international relations between the republics of North and South America, as this memorable trip of Mr. Bacon. He visited Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile and Peru, being prevented by difficulties in arranging steamship and railroad connections from visiting the other countries as planned in his itinerary. In each country visited, Mr. Bacon was received with the utmost cordiality by the government, and officially entertained. The diplomatic representatives of the United States did everything in their power to render his stay in the capital cities effective of results; and

prominent citizens representing all elements of the business, professional and social life vied with each other in imparting to his mission the dignity and significance which its importance bespoke. The University of Santiago gave him an honorary degree, as did also the University of Lima; and various scientific and legal societies elected him to honorary membership. His mission was everywhere welcomed sympathetically in the newspaper press, which fully reported his public addresses. The success of his mission was greatly promoted by his ability to address his audiences in the Spanish, Portuguese and French languages.

Mr. Bacon's more important addresses were delivered in Rio de Janeiro, under the auspices of the Brazilian Academy, the Institute of the Order of Advocates, and also at the American Embassy; in Montevideo at the Ataneo, under the auspices of the University; in Buenos Aires, before the Faculty of Law of the University; in Santiago, at the University of Chile; and in Lima, at the University of San Marcos and before the Colegio de Abogados.

In each of these addresses and in his numerous conferences with the government officials, with educators and distinguished citizens, Mr. Bacon directed attention to certain of the specific plans of the Endowment, one of the most important of these being the formation of national societies to be affiliated with the American Institute of International Law. In each country visited, committees were at once appointed to organize such societies, and in several of them the organization has already been effected. This feature of Mr. Bacon's work is of especial interest to the readers of this JOURNAL; and we may safely predict that as a result of it this promising institution will soon become an actual reality, establishing a new point of contact and a new bond of sympathy between the jurists and the statesmen of the northern and southern hemispheres. Both political circumstances and geographic situation have created new and special conditions, making possible understandings which, while not inconsistent with or antagonistic to the principles of European international law, permit agreements upon matters regarding which the rest of the world cannot yet agree. A distinguished professor of law at Padua stated the case concisely and completely, when he said that "the probable coöperation of two autonomous institutes is preferable to the practically impossible collaboration between dissimilar elements of the same association."

Mr. Bacon suggested the active participation of the several govern

ments in the proposed Academy of International Law at The Hague, and we may anticipate the cordial acceptance by each of the formal invitation to this end. His suggestion that the Latin American states appoint committees for the consideration of contributions to the program of the Third Hague Conference and the intercommunication of such committees among all the American countries, excited unusual interest, especially in Brazil, where it is expected that steps to this end will be taken at once. He was also most fortunate in his appeal for the organization of national branches of the Society for International Conciliation, to be affiliated with those in Paris and New York. In four of the countries visited competent and energetic organizing secretaries have already been appointed and are at work. While the South Americans have not taken kindly to peace societies, of the ordinary pacifist kind, they quickly respond to the principle upon which the Conciliation was founded, which looks to the friendly adjustment of international quarrels through arbitration and other similar methods.

Mr. Bacon discussed fully the plans of the Endowment for the exchange of visits of representative men between the two continents, and also the proposed exchange of professors and students. Each of these projects met with sympathetic response, and Mr. Bacon reports that the time is already ripe for the inauguration of the exchange of professors. One difficulty presents itself in the limited number of Latin Americans who have a speaking knowledge of English, and on the other hand the equally limited number of North Americans who are familiar with Spanish. This difficulty in the way of closer intercourse between the two continents we are at length beginning to realize; it is a great mission of our higher educational institutions to gradually overcome it.

It thus appears that Mr. Bacon's mission to South America was most successful, in the sense that it is to bear immediate fruit. It was apparent to his hosts that he came with no selfish purposes,—not to seek concessions, not to solicit business advantages, but upon an errand purely altruistic in the highest significance of the word. He carried a message of friendship and coöperation in a work which is not for the benefit of one country, but of all the Americas and all the world. He sowed the seeds of a new and finer international relationship, and the results of his trip can hardly fail to be the establishment of intellectual currents of sympathy, leading to a higher and nobler civilization.

PEACE THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

In opening the Twentieth World Peace Conference at The Hague on August 20, 1913, the eminent Dutch professor and publicist, Dr. de Louter, delivered a remarkable address, in which he criticized the attempt of many peace-loving people to bring about peace by revolution instead of by the slow, inconspicuous, but sure method of the evolution of law.

"Neither the abrogation of war," he said, "by official decree, nor the establishment of a supranational state, nor a change in government or in any social organization, can smooth the path to peace and put an end to the fighting instinct. There is but one way to accomplish this; it may be troublous, but it is sure; it is the way of right; not of a theoretical and imaginary right, but positive and real. A peace which does not spring from that which is right, which does not have right as its basis and guarantee, is worthless; it is worthy neither of your sympathies nor your efforts. It rests on a fragile and unstable basis; it depends on precarious eventualities, and is threatened with destruction at any moment. It sacrifices matters of primary importance to conditions of only secondary importance, whose moral value is of no account except as it is the fruition of the reign of right.

"There are those, however, who will ask what is that right whose praises you sing,' and declare that 'those who favor a World State are aiming at that very result.' In my opinion, ladies and gentlemen, right is first of all identical with the respect due to the existence of the present nations, with the conviction that they are living organisms, the fruits of nature and history; and in the second place, right means the unreserved recognition of the international bonds into which these nations enter in full liberty. Scarcely felt in the beginning, these relations increase constantly and assume different aspects. Just now they have reached a range and importance that are really wonderful. The future is full of promise. But, and this is their important feature,-all these relations have their origin in the free action of independent states. The scrupulous respect for the juridical equality of the states is the starting point of any structure aiming at right between the nations. No departure from this principle can be admitted; neither the hegemony of one or of several states, nor the absolute submission to any authority whatever. When we do away with the equality or the sovereignty of the states, we strike at the very vitals of international law. Right is but a