phrase, and peace a chimera, if these fundamental rights are not considered inviolable.

"In consequence, international law can only be developed through the rational and voluntary action of independent states. These states alone establish right by means of collective conventions, which enforce this right through common agencies and protect it by means of arbitral and judicial institutions of an international character. International coöperation has established admirable institutions, such as treaties, which, by their tenor and importance, have suggested the idea of laws, and have been called treaties that engender international law, and sometimes are referred to by the misnomer treaty laws; international bureaus, dealing with administrative duties reaching beyond the national frontiers and spreading the benefits of civilization over areas including several states; arbitration and judicial courts that have already unraveled many complications and settled many dangerous disputes.

"This structure, which rests on deep-laid foundations and is being added to constantly, has made enormous progress. Yet it is purely voluntary and will not brook constraint. Being of an ethical origin it proceeds step by step, and continuing its salutary course, it will of necessity instill principles of morality and justice into the minds and into the hearts of the peoples and their leaders. Ladies and gentlemen, it is for you and our congresses, representing the cause of pacifism, to accelerate this process of infiltration into public opinion. It will be the office of the states themselves to glean the fruits of your efforts and to convert them into juridical relations and institutions.

"This marvelous evolution is taking place under our very eyes; it outlives temporary disappointments and controls troublesome incidents; it invades more and more the delicate domain of politics; it represents the sympathies of the peoples and the requirements of real life. Such is the true and salutary internationalism, the result of recent progress, the hope of the future and the precursor of the fraternity of nations. Satisfied to be the modest collaborators in this mission of organic process, let us move onward and never retrace a single step; but let us also be patient and avoid precipitate action which builds castles in the air!"

In the course of his address he adverted to three movements full of hope and promise, and it is pleasing to the American reader to note that the three are of American origin and that the distinguished European publicist looks to the western world for leadership in the cause of international peace.

"Let us look westward," he says, "to the hemisphere which, in the eyes of old Europe, seems the appointed heir to all the blessings of the promised land of ages ago. There, international wars have about disappeared; the antagonism of nationalities which, for a long time, separated Central and South America from the great Anglo-Saxon Republic in the north, is gradually dying out because of the birth of an everincreasing sentiment of a continental unity of interests which makes. closer union possible and creates superb institutions. Allow me to cite three great examples of this movement.

"In the first place, young America has shouldered the stupendous task of codifying international law. Whilst, for more than a century, both in Europe and elsewhere, this codification fired the ambition of a handful of scholars not afraid to compile codes of customary laws, whose gaps they bridged with their individual notions of a theoretical law, Americans have realized that such a method can only beget doubtful results, and reached the conclusion that the only way in which to codify sets of laws is to seek the coöperation of the real legislators, that is, the states represented by their delegates. At the Second Pan American Conference, which met at Mexico City in 1901, Brazilian initiative led to a resolution which became the basis of a definitive treaty, by which the Secretary of State of the United States and the Ministers of the American Republics accredited to Washington were requested to appoint a committee of from five to seven jurisconsults for the elaboration of two codes of international law, one of private law, the other of public law, which were thenceforth to govern the relations between the American nations.

"The Third Pan American Conference, held at Rio de Janeiro in 1906, modified this project by substituting, in the place of the committee formed of a few jurisconsults accredited to Washington, an assembly of jurisconsults, delegated one each by all the American countries. It is this slightly enlarged assembly, representing, with but few exceptions, all the American countries, which met at Rio de Janeiro, June 26, 1912, and after continuous labors extending over nearly three weeks, succeeded in determining the bases for a veritable codification which is to present in the form of independent conventions, interconnected with some unity, not the more or less ingenious philosophic or moral notions of irresponsible publicists, but the rules of conduct corresponding to reality that is, to the international life of the American nations. Το accomplish this task, a careful study of the needs and real aspirations

of these nations will precede the actual undertaking of the great work.

"It is impossible to exaggerate the importance of such an enterprise. We cannot fail to realize the difference between individual and arbitrary efforts at codification and the admirable accord existing between representative men of an entire continent, coöperating with one another for the realization of a glorious and truly constructive work. The preparations that have been made for this work, the discussions that have taken place and the resolutions that have been adopted, in short, the entire process strictly carried out, are the irrefragable proof of a determined. resolution and of high and boundless aspirations. Latin America which, through the talent and eloquence of its delegates, somewhat surprised European diplomacy at the time of the Second Peace Conference, has displayed since then an activity and fecundity both humiliating and encouraging to their predecessors. Those whose efforts are devoted to the establishment of an era of peace founded upon right cannot but express their hearty approval of the vigorous workmen beyond the sea, busy in laying the solid foundations for an edifice of law, instead of indulging in the ephemeral fantasy of well meant and unproductive intentions.

"The second illustration is furnished by an essentially scientific Institute, whose moral influence and effect are not less important. The gradual coming together of North and South America has called into existence a new agency of progress. The projects for a Pan American Union which have been discussed for a long time, but never practically realized, have at last led to a definite result within the peaceful field of scholarly pursuits, thanks to the talent and perseverance of two illustrious men from the two halves of the hemisphere. In the course of the past year Dr. James Brown Scott, the distinguished jurisconsult of the United States, and Mr. Alejandro Alvarez, formerly a professor and at present counselor to the Chilean Ministry of Foreign Affairs, who, in June, 1912, had brought to bear a salutary influence at Rio upon the plan of codification, have, after a personal meeting at Washington, founded in the latter place in October, 1912, 'The American Institute of International Law.' This Institute has for its object: first, to contribute to the development of international law; second, to crystallize the common sentiment for international justice; third, to promote pacific settlement of all international disputes arising between the American countries.

This luminous plan was born of the conviction that it is better

to foster ideas of right and justice through slow but constant infusion into the minds and hearts of the peoples, than through diplomatic negotiations not based upon a general, popular feeling.

"When it is understood that the pacifist movement is more general in America than in any other country, and rests either on a religious basis or upon a community of interests and of tendencies worthy of envy, we can best appreciate this new evidence of vigorous progress which has come to us from the other side of the ocean; it puts new life into our hopes and gives fresh impetus to our efforts.

"I take my third illustration from the generosity and foresight of a private individual. You know that a citizen of the great Anglo-Saxon Republic has made over a part of his wealth to the promotion of international peace. He has established an 'Endowment for International Peace,' and found men competent to carry out his generous projects. These men had but just entered into their functions, when they displayed an astonishing activity. The income of the millons which they have agreed to administer has been directed to various agencies for the promotion of the intellectual and moral cause of pacifism. A world library has been established; a collection of all the arbitral awards is in preparation; another collection, including all arbitration treaties from the remotest times to the present day, has been planned, and the creation of an Academy of International Law is under consideration; subventions have been granted to periodical publications in various countries and published in different languages, which make it their object to study international law but whose pecuniary status does not allow the editors to pay honoraria securing them contributions of the highest order, or whose income is not quite sufficient to meet present expenses. The Trustees of the Endowment have gone farther yet. They have entered into close relation with the Institute of International Law, which is to be its adviser in scientific questions, and which has accepted a moderate subsidy to meet the traveling expenses of the members who desire to be present at the sessions of the Institute, occurring in the various capitals of Europe, but who feel that they cannot incur the large expenses of sojourn abroad. Thus the treasures reaped from industry and commerce have been placed at the service, not of war, but of peace.

It is not for us of the western world to question whether the European publicist speaks the language of sober truth or of pardonable exaggeration. The fact that such a man as Professor de Louter believes what he says, and others share his belief, should encourage us to persevere and

to deserve the praise which he so generously lavishes upon us. To be thought worthy is an incentive to worthy actions, and who knows but crediting us with leadership may make us more worthy of leadership.

AMERICAN UNITY

In the Figaro for October 24, 1913, the distinguished statesman, diplomatist and historian, Monsieur Gabriel Hanotaux, Member of the French Academy, took advantage of Mr. Robert Bacon's visit to South America to express himself at length on the subject of American unity. The article is so interesting, so timely and so suggestive that the JOURNAL has translated it from the French and prints it in full, without marring its symmetry and beauty by a word of comment or feeble praise:

Behold the structure conceived by Ferdinand de Lesseps! it is a reality. The Panama Canal has wedded the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The event marks the greatest geographic transformation that could be accomplished on the surface of the globe. We have been its witnesses; yet we can have no adequate idea of its greatness, and give but little thought to the consequences that are likely to follow.

This is generally true of all great human affairs; the living witnesses take only a passing interest in matters at which posterity will gaze in wonder. It is this that makes the writing of history difficult; the present does not grasp the exact proportions of things extending into the future; by a singular slip of memory, the present, if I may venture to say so, is oblivious of the future; and from the mass of rubbish recorded on its pages, the historian finds it difficult to sift the facts worthy to be remembered.

We have even now reason to believe that, paradoxical though it may seem, the main result of the stupendous work-the great divide made in the American hemisphere will be to strengthen its unity. The fact is that the two shores, the Atlantic and the Pacific, were separated by a huge mass of earth stretching across that part of our planet. A gate has been cut through it, and the opposite shores are brought nearer to each other; in their future relations they form, as it were, the four arms of an X, connected by the point of intersection. Communications of every kind are going to be doubled or quadrupled; in consequence, a remarkable growth of unity will take place; America is somehow going to become twice or four times more American than in the past.

This is evidently one of the ideas that keeps the transatlantic master-minds constantly occupied; they have a subconscious prescience of great changes that are to take place; as thinkers and men of action always "at the fore," they bend their energies to finding out how best to steer the course of these impending changes. Are we to remain in ignorance of these powerful agencies-like so many bridges, figuratively speaking-which they are endeavoring to throw across the gulf separating the present from the future?