McKenney, THOMAS LORRAINE, author; his voyage was terminated by ice and he born in Hopewell, Md., March 21, 1785; returned to his place of departure, Fort was educated in Chestertown, Md.; and Chippewayan. He had reached lat. 69° 1' was made superintendent of the bureau N. In October, 1792, he crossed the conof Indian affairs in 1824. His publica- tinent to the Pacific Ocean, which he tions include Sketches of a Tour to the reached in July, 1793, in lat. 51° 21′ N. Lakes, etc.; A History of the Indian He returned, went to England, and pubTribes; Essays on the Spirit of Jackso- lished (1801) Voyages from Montreal, on nianism as Exemplified in its Deadly Hos- the River St. Lawrence, through the Contility to the Bank of the United States, tinent of North America, to the Frozen etc.; Memoirs, Official and Personal, with and Pacific Oceans, in the Years 1789 and Sketches of Travels among the Northern 1793, with excellent maps. He was and Southern Indians, etc. He died in knighted in 1802, and died in Dalhousie, New York City, Feb. 19, 1859. Scotland, March 12, 1820. Mackenzie, ALEXANDER SLIDELL, naval officer; born in New York City, April 6, 1803; joined the navy in 1815; was promoted commander in 1841. While in charge of the brig Somers, the crew of which was composed chiefly of naval apprentices, he discovered a mutinous plot on board, and immediately called a council of officers, which after a careful examination advised that the three persons principally involved in the affair be executed. On Dec. 1, 1842, the decision was put into effect. Soon after the Somers reached New York a court of inquiry began an investigation, which fully approved Mackenzie's action, and later he was acquitted by a court-martial before which he was tried. He was, however, severely criticised by many, as the young men whom he had executed were of good social standing, one of them being a son of John C. Spencer, then Secretary of War. The decision of the court-martial did not quiet this criticism, which greatly embittered the remainder of Mackenzie's life. His publications include Popular Essays on Naval Subjects; The American in England; Life of John Paul Jones; Life of Commodore Oliver H. Perry; Life of Commodore Stephen Decatur, etc. He died in Tarrytown, N. Y., Sept. 13, 1848. Mackenzie, WILLIAM LYON, journalist; born in Dundee, Scotland, March 12, 1795; kept a circulating library near Dundee when he was seventeen years of age, and was afterwards clerk to Lord Lonsdale, in England. He went to Canada in 1820, where he was engaged successfully in the book and drug trade in Toronto. He entered political life in 1823; edited the Colonial Advocate (1824-33) and was a natural agitator. He criticised the government party, and efforts to suppress his paper failed. Rioters destroyed his office in 1826, and the people, whose cause he advocated, elected him to the Canadian Parliament. Five times he was expelled from that body for alleged libels in his newspaper, and was as often re-elected, until finally the Assembly got rid of him by refusing to issue a writ for a new election. He went to England in 1832, with a petition of grievances to the home government. In 1836 Toronto was incorporated a city, and Mackenzie was chosen its first mayor. He engaged, as a leader, in the Canadian Rebellion (see CANADA), when he was outlawed by his government, his property was confiscated, and he fled to the United States. Arrested at Rochester by the United States authorities on a charge of Mackenzie, SIR ALEXANDER, explorer; a violation of the neutrality laws, he was born in Inverness, Scotland, about 1755; sentenced to eighteen months' imprisonwas early engaged in the fur-trade in ment in the county jail of Monroe. Canada. He set out to explore the vast the end of that time he went to New York, wilderness northward in June, 1789, hav- where he was the actuary of the Mechaning spent a year previously in England ics' Institute, and with his family restudying astronomy and navigation. At sided in the basement of their school buildthe western part of the Great Slave Lake ing. He was editorially connected with he entered a river in an unexplored wil- the New York Tribune for some time, and derness, and gave his name to it. Its published Mackenzie's Gazette. In 1850 course was followed until July 12, when his government pardoned him, restored his At confiscated property, and he returned to of the American Safe Deposit Company Canada, where he was elected to Parliament, and remained a member of the Assembly until 1858. He established a newspaper in Toronto, and conducted it until his death, Aug. 28, 1861. Mackenzie was a thoroughly sincere and honest man, and had the courage of his convictions. His admirers purchased for him a residence near Toronto and a small annuity. McKibbin, CHAMBERS, military officer; born in Chambersburg, Pa., Nov. 2, 1841; entered the regular army, Sept. 22, 1862; was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 14th Infantry two days afterwards; and promoted first lieutenant, June, 1864; captain of the 35th Infantry, July, 1866; major of the 25th Infantry, April, 1892; lieutenant-colonel of the 21st Infantry, May, 1896; and colonel of the 12th Infantry, April 1, 1899. He greatly distinguished himself in 1864 in the battle of North Anna River, Va. In July, 1898, he was appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers for the war with Spain. He took an active part in the Santiago campaign, and for his services there received special mention in the official reports of General Shafter. After the surrender of the Spaniards at Santiago he was appointed military governor of that city. McKim, CHARLES FOLLEN, architect; born in Chester county, Pa., Aug. 24, 1847; studied at the Harvard Scientific School in 1866-67, and then took the three years' course in architecture at the École des Beaux-Arts, Paris. Returning to the United States, he became a partner of William R. Mead and Stanford White in New York City, residences and summer cottages, music-halls and casinos, and a number of club-houses and churches. Mackinaw, or MICHILIMACKINAC. In the bosom of the clear, cold, and damp waters of the strait between Lakes Huron and Michigan-a strait 40 miles in length -stands a limestone rock about 7 miles in circumference, rising in its centre to an altitude of nearly 300 feet, and covered with a rough and generous soil, out of which springs heavy timber. The Indians, impressed by its form, called it Mich-il-imack-i-nac-" The Great Turtle." On the opposite shore of the peninsula of Michigan, French Jesuits erected a stronghold and called it Fort Michilimackinac, which name has been abbreviated to Mackinaw. This fort fell into the hands of the British, in their conquest of Canada in 1760, but the Indians there remained hostile to their new masters. "You have conquered the French," they said, "but you have not conquered us." The most important village of the Chippewas, one of the most powerful tribes of Pontiac's confederacy, was upon the back of Michilimackinac. Early in the summer of 1763 the front of the island was filled with Indians, who, professing warm friendship for the English, invited the garrison at Fort Mackinaw to witness a great game of ball-an MACKINAW FROM ROUND ISLAND. in New York. This firm soon made a notable advance in architectural construction, and have planned a number of the most attractive buildings in the country, including the new Public Library in Boston, Madison Square Garden, and the building ing hatchets from beneath their blankets and began a massacre of the garrison; but, hearing that a strong British force was approaching, the Indians abandoned the fort and fled. This fort came into the possession of the United States in 1796, when the North FORT MACKINAW. western posts were given up by the British in compliance with the treaty of peace in 1783. The fortification called Fort Holmes, on the high southwest bluff of the island, was garrisoned in 1812 by a small force of Americans, under the command of Lieut. Porter Hancks, of the United States artillery. It was supported by the higher ground in the rear, on which was a stockade, defended by two block-houses, each mounting a brass 6 pounder. It was isolated from the haunts of men more than half the year by barriers of ice and snow, and exposed to attacks by the British and Indians at Fort St. Joseph, on an island 40 miles northeast from Mackinaw, then commanded by Capt. Charles Roberts. When Sir Isaac Brock, governor of Upper Canada, received at Fort George, on the Niagara River, from British spies, notice of the declaration of war, he despatched an express to Roberts, ordering him to attack Mackinaw immediately. He was directed to summon to his assistance the neighboring Indians, and to ask the aid of the employés of the Northwestern Fur Company. On the morning of July 16 Roberts embarked with a strong motley force of whites and Indians, in boats, bateaux, and canoes, with two 6-pounders. and convoyed by the brig Caledonia, belonging to the Northwestern Fur Company, loaded with provisions and stores. Hancks, suspicious of mischief, sent Captain Daurman to St. Joseph, to observe the temper and disposition of the British there. On his way he met the hostile flotilla, and was made a prisoner. News of the declaration of war had not reached the far-off post of Mackinaw. The overwhelming force under Roberts landed, and took possession of the fort and island. The summons to surrender was the first intimation that Hancks had of the declaration of war. The Indians were ready to massacre the whole garrison if any resistance were made. post was surrendered without firing a gun. The In the spring of 1814 the Americans planned a land and naval expedition for its recapture. A small squadron was placed at the disposal of Commander St. Clair, and a land force was placed under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Croghan. They left Detroit at the beginning of July. A part of the force went against the post of the Northwestern Fur Company, at the Falls of St. Mary, the agents of which were among the most active of the British emissaries in inciting the Indians to make war on the Americans. The keepers of the post fled when the armament appeared, and the Americans destroyed everything of value that could not be carried away. Then the whole expedition started for Mackinaw. The force of the Americans was too small to effect a capture, and the enterprise was abandoned. Some vessels cruised in those waters for a time. The expedition re turned to Detroit in August, and no further military movements were undertaken in the Northwest, excepting a raid by GEN. DUNCAN MCARTHUR (q. v.). MCKINLEY, WILLIAM McKinley, WILLIAM, twenty-fifth Pres- He then began the study of law in the ident of the United States, March 4, 1897, office of Judge C. E. Glidden, in Poland; to Sept. 14, 1901; Republican; born in attended the law school at Albany for a Niles, O., Jan. 29, 1843, and was educated year and a half; and was admitted to He took at the Poland Academy. When sixteen the bar in Canton, O., 1867. years old he went to the Allegheny Col- naturally to politics, and was, in 1869, lege at Meadville, Pa., and leaving there elected prosecuting attorney. when eighteen years old, he taught a district school in Ohio for a time. He answered the first call for troops, and in June, 1861, enlisted in the 23d Ohio Infantry. Each of his promotions in the army was for "bravery on the field," and seated. In 1890 his name became widehe was successively sergeant, second and ly known in connection with a high-tariff first lieutenant, captain, and at the close bill. The same year he was defeated for of the war he was given a brevet as major. Congress, but in 1891 was elected gov During the next few years he became noted as a platform speaker. In 1876 he was elected to a Republican, and served Congress as seven terms. His fourth election was conand his Democratic opponent tested ernor of Ohio, and in 1893 was re-elected two of them, representing five Westby a majority of 80,000. He was now ern States, left the convention. After known as a leading exponent of protec- their withdrawal William McKinley, of tion, and in 1888 and 1892 his name was Ohio, and Garret A. Hobart, of New Jerpresented as a candidate for the Presi- sey, were selected to head the national dency to the Republican National Con- ticket. vention. In 1896 he became the party candidate for that office. The Democratic convention was held in Chicago, July 7-11. In spite of the protests of Eastern Democrats, a platform was adopted declaring for the free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 to 1. WILLIAM J. BRYAN (q. v.), of Nebraska, who made a thrilling address to the delegates, closing with the words: "We shall answer to their demand for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold," was selected as candidate for President, and Arthur B. Sewall, of Maine, for Vice The campaign which resulted in his election was a memorable one. For several previous campaigns the leading issue had been the tariff. It was generally thought that it would be so in 1896, but when the Republican convention met in St. Louis on June 16, 1896, it was found that the money question was paramount. When the committee on resolutions reported in favor of maintaining the gold standard of currency until international bimetallism could be secured, Senator Teller, a delegate from Colorado, led a bolt of the Silver delegates, and twenty- President. |