AN ANCIENT APARTMENTHOUSE OF A THOUSAND

COMP

ROOMS

BY ROBERT H. MOULTON

OMPLETE and indisputable evidence of an apartment building of a thousand rooms which, in the belief of archæologists of the American School of Research, was occupied more than a thousand years ago by a vanished race has recently been unearthed in what is known as Chaco Canyon, New Mexico.

In recent years the desert sands have been swept aside in Chaco Canyon, revealing one wonder after another. But the greatest wonder of all was found last summer in Chettro Kettle, a section of Chaco Canyon. Here was disclosed, after a vast amount of excavation, the walls of a huge structure which, entirely buried for centuries, would occupy two large blocks if set down in a modern American city. In these walls are fifty million pieces of quarried stone, not to mention thousands of logs, poles, and slabs which were evidently cut in distant forests, transported by man power, and set in their respective places with the aid of stone implements.

While the work of excavation in Chettro Kettle has proceeded far enough to show the size, general shape, and some of the details of construction of this amazing structure, it is estimated that five years more will be required to complete the job. Enough evidence is already at hand, however, to demonstrate the marvelous constructive ability of the ancient but unknown race that was responsible for the building.

In enduring residential architectural qualities this race attained to levels not surpassed by the architects of the ancient world, for here is a building which, abandoned, unroofed, and in many places exposed to the elements, stands as very few specimen walls in any land have withstood the ages. Archæologists say that in wall construction the Chaco builders were unsurpassed and that it is doubtful if our modern masonry will be as enduring.

From their observations at Chettro Kettle the scientists in charge of the work of excavation are convinced that the people who lived there were a race that matured in its culture without serious interruption and that mysteriously went into oblivion at the summit of its civilization. There is no evidence here of a decaying civilization, such as may be seen in sections of the Rio Grande Valley to-day. On the other hand, while all signs point to the fact that abandonment came at the full tide of life, there is nothing to indicate sudden destruction, a fact which makes the disappearance of this race more mysterious than ever.

It is hoped that somewhere within the ruins of Chettro Kettle something may be found which will tell the name and something of the blood, language, and cultural potentialities of these reAll that is known markable people. now is that the community consisted of

SECTION SHOWING VARIOUSLY WALLED SPACES OF THE GREAT APARTMENT-HOUSE

approximately ten thousand people and that they cultivated some three thousand acres of land.

Excavation shows that the building had a curved front seven hundred feet long, with a massive central axis and rooms on either side. Looking down into the excavated portions of the ruins, one gets an excellent idea of the knowledge of construction possessed by these people who lived more than a thousand years ago. Reinforcement of partition walls was frequently gained by embedding timbers in the masonry, just as the concrete walls of to-day are reinforced by iron rods.

Floors and ceilings were constructed by first laying heavy supporting timbers across from wall to wall. Upon these were laid smaller logs, placed closely side by side; over these came thin cedar slabs, next a layer of cedar bark, and finally a solidly packed layer of earth. Some of the rooms show a remarkable state of preservation of both masonry and timber. Excavation in the inner court revealed an amazing labyrinth of kivas, cists, shafts, and variously walled spaces, and it is probable that further excavation will bring to light equally surprising discoveries.

THE

TH

further behind will take about half our annual lumber production. The other half of our annual production goes into such articles as boxes, ties, freight car construction, furniture, vehicles, and to the agricultural trade. It is estimated that more than as much again will be required to make up the million dwelling deficit-upwards of twenty billion board feet. Twenty billion feet means about four thousand square miles to be cut-a solidly forested area almost as large as the entire State of Connecticut.

Theoretically we have sufficient excess sawmill capacity to produce that extra twenty billion within a single year, but such overwhelming demand as would be the result of an attempt to catch up too suddenly would so strain the machinery of marketing and production as to force up lumber prices to the point where the demand would automatically extinguish itself.

Although lumber prices have already fallen considerably, they are still about eighty per cent higher than in 1914, and many prospective home-builders are still waiting. What makes up this cost which they must pay? In so far as the general level of all prices has risen, the costs of opening up timbered areas, logging railway construction, logging itself with all its modern scientific LUMBER COST OF A equipment, sawing with its heavy depreMILLION HOMES

BY ARTHUR NEWTON PACK

HE recently published report of the Senate Committee on Reconstruction and Production states that in this country we are actually short one million dwellings. What are we going to do about it? We first began to drop behind in 1914, then came our own participation in the war, and then that long wait for a fall in the price of building materials. That deficit of one million houses is the result.

We are told that merely to keep even with our building needs and not fall

ciation charges to cover scrapping of the mill when the timber is gone, drying, planing, and marketing have necessarily kept pace. But the increase in the price of lumber has at times been more rapid than that for other prices. Some raise the hue and cry of a "lumber trust" turning the exhaustion of our forests to its own account and making immens profits thereby. Practically, however, this rapid depletion of our forest resources affects prices much more directly. First, it forces the lumberman to seek his timber farther away from existing railways, higher up the mo tainsides, or on rougher ground,

it takes more machinery and more labor to harvest the timber crop. Costs are higher in proportion.

But as each new timbered area becomes exhausted, not only is the lumberman forced to take his timber from locations less favorable to himself and at greater expense, but also his whole industry gradually drifts farther away from the center of population of the country, farther away from the ultimate market. Here is a case where the consumer literally has to "pay the freight." The center of population, according to our recent Census, is in southeastern Indiana. Even as far back as 1914 eighteen to twenty per cent of our total annual lumber consumption was supplied by Washington and Oregon, two thousand miles away. California, Idaho, and Montana have also furnished a very substantial percentage. We use every year altogether about forty billion board feet, which means that we pay an annual freight bill of over a million dollars. Here in the East nearly half of what we pay for a thousand feet of lumber is for freight alone. An element of price often overlooked is that of time consumed in preparing the article for consumption. For lumber it is the time elapsing during the cycle of stump to consumer, for until the actual use of the wood for the purpose intended it represents the continued investment of capital. When the mill is near the ultimate market, that time is short and the interest earned by the capital is small; but as the supply of timber becomes exhausted and more remote sources must be utilized, time becomes an ever more important factor. A shipment of fir flooring from Seattle destined for New York may be origi. nally valued at $55 per thousand feet. When it reaches New York eight or ten weeks later, it must be worth almost a dollar a thousand more just to take care of the interest on the money invested.

The fourth way in which depletion of our timber supply affects prices is through waste. When a tree is felled, about thirteen per cent of it is left to rot as stump, top, and branches; at the sawmill, in spite of most modern methods, about forty-three per cent of it goes into sawdust, bark, outside pieces or slabs, etc.; about two per cent disappears in seasoning or drying; if the lumber is planed, three per cent more goes into refuse. We get only about forty per cent in real lumber. And this is no extreme case. In the new logging operations of the West whole trees less than twenty inches in diameter are pulled down in getting out the larger logs and left there to rot, just because the cost of transportation to the mill is more than the price the lumber would bring. As high as thirty-five per cent of the total stand of timber on a given tract of forest is thus wasted outright, to begin with. We cannot blame the lumbermen, for if they were made to utilize every tree the cost of lumber would have to be much higher than we have ever seen it. Nor would it help if those smaller trees were left standing, as they were never rooted to withind wind and the first storm which

obtained headway in the partially cut forest would surely blow them over. But if that same small timber grew in

CONTRIBUTORS' GALLERY

land not a tree would be wasted. Furthermore, its very branches would be utilized as fire-wood and its mill waste as fuel or for pulp manufacture. What a difference there is between the lumber industry and the packing industry! There is hardly a part of the slaughtered animal that is not put to some practical use; pepsin, lard, oleomargarine, fertilizer, soap, buttons, pipestems, combs, and gut strings are a few of the by-products of a packing-house. In France a tree also is utilized to the very last twig. But France is comparatively small, the center of population is not far distant from the forests, and the problem is consequently different. In

services as a British secret agent during the war. He was living in Petrograd at the outbreak of the war; unable to pass his physical examination required by the army, he volunteered for the British Secret Service, and was assigned to fill the place of a secret agent who had recently been murdered by the Bolsheviki. He went to work in a Russian munition factory, and was subsequently drafted into the Red army. He developed a valuable courier service and sent important information out of Russia. The July issue of the "Atlantic Monthly" contains his article "The Secret Door," which describes some of his extraordinary adventures.

OLLIN LYNDE HARTT has been on the

where transportation costs do not eat up values, we obtain a far closer utilization of timber by-products. Wood pulp, railway ties, fence posts, boxes, lath, shingles, spools, matches, excelsior, shavings, resin, turpentine, wood alcohol, and tanning liquors may all be obtained from the parts of trees unsuitable for the manufacture of lumber. But for ninety per cent of our entire annual cut of timber, produced as it is far from populous centers and convenient markets for byproducts, lumber alone must pay all costs. Probably there is no other way in which the depletion of our timber resources reacts so strongly to raise the price the consumer has to pay as in preventing the practical utilization of waste.

We might still be inclined to discount the effect of this law of exhaustion in our own country were it not for the absolutely analogous situation of our neighbor, Canada. We import, largely from her, a billion and a quarter feet of lumber and logs, two billion shingles, and many other wood products annually. Canada has perhaps been even before us in realizing the situation, and the provinces of Ontario and Quebec are already taking steps to place the cutting of timber upon a more efficient and less wasteful basis, even with the certainty of increasing present lumber and pulpwood prices. There are now those who

can even foresee the wiping out within

comparatively few years of the hitherto considered limitless forests of British Columbia unless steps are taken to eliminate waste and provide for sufcient reforestation.

Besides having our own houses to maintain and a million extra homes to build, China, Australia, and New Zealand, as well as many European nations, look to us for their future lumber sup

ply. Although as yet we do not export more than about three per cent of our annual production, it is well known that were it not for the heavy discount on European money nearly every nation of Europe would be flooding us with orders.

It is true that all prices fluctuate with changing general economic conditions, but every tendency in the lumber industry itself is upward, not down. The

Chicago "Tribune," and "Literary Digest."

OBERT H. MOUL

R TON has contrib

uted extensively to American and foreign periodicals, and many of his articles have been illustrated with photographs taken

by himself. He was born in Nashville, Tennessee, forty years ago, and is a graduate of Columbia University. He has written librettos for a number of musical comedies.

RTHUR NEWTON PACK is the son of

A Charles Lathrop Pack, President of the American Forestry Association, who has frequently contributed to The Outlook. Mr. Pack is a graduate of Williams College and attended the Harvard School of Business Administration. He was secretary to Frank Scott, first Chairman of the General Munitions Board and the War Industries Board during the war. Since the war he has spent considerable time in British Columbia studying the timber situation.

P. o The Outlook, and formerly a

W. WILSON, a frequent contributor member on the Liberal side of England's House of Commons, has, as American correspondent of the London "Daily News," been interpreting American points of view to English readers; and, like other Englishmen, seems to have the capacity of interpreting American points of view to American readers.

Rington, Virginia; was educated at

OBERT THOMAS KERLIN lives in Lex

Central College, Johns Hopkins, University of Chicago, and Yale; and was a chaplain in the Spanish-American War. He has taught at Yale and in the A. E. F. University of Beaune, France, in 1919. A writer of verse himself, he has the insight to perceive the soul in writers of another race.

ERCER VERNON newspaper corre

forests, the higher will be the price that we will have to pay.

learned his trade as a reporter in Seattle.

JUT

Commonwealth Ave. Boston

THE DISTINCTIVE BOSTON HOUSE Globe Trotters call the Puritan one of the most homelike hotels in the world. Your Inquiries gladly answered O Costello Mgr and our booklet mailed

If You Are Tired or Need a Change you cannot find a more comfortable place in New England than

Professional Situations

WANTED-Nurse for the summer for smali infirmary in institution in the country. 164, Outlook.

Companions and Domestic Helpers HOUSEKEEPER-HOSTESS-Refined, intelligent woman, between ages of 25 and 45, for women's city club in New England. Must be excellent housekeeper, able to meet and please people. Special training and experience desirable, but not necessary. Comfortable home, pleasant environment, and opportunity for advancement. 213, Outlook. WANTED-Mother's helper interested in boys ages 6, 3%, and 2. Good home in Friends family, Germantown, Philadelphia. Perua nent position open Sept. 1. References required of ability and health. 222, Outlook. WANTED-Matron at the Home for FriendM. Cotterel, 841 N. Third St., Reading.

has bathing, country club, good train and shop service. COTTAGES FOR SALE with grand ocean view, 1 to 5 baths, etc., $4,000 to $75,000. Miss H. L. THURSTON, 20 Pleasant Street, Tel. 80, Rockport, Mass. NEW HAMPSHIRE

FOR SALE

GREENFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS

It affords all the comforts of home without extravagance.

MARBLEHEAD, MASS.

The Leslie

A quiet, cosy little house by the sea. vate baths. Descriptive booklet.

Pri

A superb Around the World Tour
Sept., 1921-Apr., 1922. $5,215.
THE TEMPLE TOURS
Boston, Mass.

65 A Franklin St.

WELLESLEY HILLS, MASS. Hot and cold running water in nearly all bedrooms. Some private baths. Many comfortably furnished rooms for general use. Large, breezy, screened piazza. Fern room, "Crows' nest" outlook. Edison phonograph -laboratory model. Casino (separate building) with playroom for children. Bowling, tennis, croquet. Pleasant forest walks and country drives. Cream, berries, fruit, fresh eggs, chickens. Rates $15, 18, 21, 25 a week.

NEW YORK

Adirondack Camp

Boating, bathing, fishing, and dancing. Open until October. Rates reasonable. E. S., Box 8. Mountain View, N. Y. NEW YORK CITY

Hotel Hargrave

West 72d St., through
to 71st St., New York
300 rooms, each with bath. Absolutely
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trance of Central Park. Comfort and
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rates. Send for illustrated booklet J.

Moderate

Parties enrolling now. prices. Most interesting routes. Great success 1920. TEMPLE TOURS 65-A Franklin St.,

Boston, Mass.

School For Sale

FOR SALE A school for girls

and young women hoverflow enrollment. Beautiful locaBuusual opportunity for the right perothers need apply. 5,779, Outlook.

fort and convenience. Accommodations of superior quality. Disorder of the nervous system a specialty. Fred. W. Seward, Sr., M.D., Fred. W. Seward, Jr., M.D.. Goshen, N. Y.

LINDEN The Ideal Place for Sick People to Get Well Doylestown, Pa. An institution devoted to the personal study and specialized treatment of the invalid. Massage. Electricity, Hydrotherapy. Apply for circniar to ROBERT LIPPINCOTT WALTER, M.D. (late of The Walter Sanitarium)

Ideally situated on

Spofford Lake, Chesterfield, N. H. 2 fireplaces, electric lights, 3-car garage, 3 boats. Lot 100 ft. front, 85 ft. on lake. 10 miles from Brattleboro, Vt., and Keene, N. H. Address James B. Randoll, Brattleboro, Vt.

NEW JERSEY

For Sale-Farm of 356 Acres 1 mile from Walpack Centre, N.J. bordering on the Flatbrook Colonial stone house with running spring water, frame barns equipped for dairy; trout stream with beautiful falls, 150 acres timber. Farm was originally partof estateof President Harrison's grandfather. On account of death owner offers farm at a sacrifice. Price $5,000. Address R. T. HULL, Agent, Newton, N. J.

NEW YORK

ADIRONDACK SUMMER HOME Artistically furnished; 7 rooms, running water, bath. Piano. $125 for August; $195 August into October. A. WARD, Jay, N. Y. VERMONT

TO LET

In Green Mountains On private estate. Commodious, furnished 12-room house; also small bungalow. Attractive tea house where meals can be had. Near-by lake. Beautiful drives and scenery. Salubrious and cool climate. References exchanged. Particulars. 5,795, Outlook.

BOOKS, MAGAZINES

MANUSCRIPTS

BOOKS. All kinds. Lists. Higene's, O-2441 Post St., San Francisco, Cal.

FOR THE HOME HONEY. Delicious new clover honey direct from producer. Guaranteed pure and clean. 10 pounds $1.90, 5 pounds $1.05. postage prepaid Zones 1, 2, 3. Herbert A. McCallum, Great Barrington, Mass.

DOMESTIC SCIENCE correspondence courses. Good positions and home efficiency Am. School Home Economics, Chicago.

EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES WANTED-Competent teachers for public and private schools. Calls coming every day. Send for circulars. Albany Teachers' Agency, Albany, N. Y.

managers,

DIETITIANS, superintendents, cafeteria housegovernesses, matrous, keepers, social workers, and secretaries. Miss Richards, Providence, East Side Box 5. CALIFORNIA.-We can place in California and Arizona college graduates with postgraduate study and seventeen months' teaching experience, from the East, after this date in fair quantity. Boynton Teachers' Agency, Brockman Bldg., Los Angeles.

WANTED-Teachers all subjects. Good vacancies in schools and colleges. International Musical and Educational Agency, Carnegie Hall, N. Y.

HELP WANTED
Business Situations

BIG money and fast sales. Every owner buys gold initials for his auto. You charge $1.50, make $1.35. Ten orders daily easy. Write for particulars and free samples. American Monogram Co., Dept. 167, East Orange, N. J. WANTED-Director or directress for boys' department in orphan home in New England. Must be fully qualified. Protestant. Boys attend public school. 212, Outlook.

Professional Situations WANTED-Registered nurse at settlement school in Kentucky mountains; school family numbers one hundred and twenty-five. Chance for interesting district work also. Nurse to open new infirmary just completed. Ethel de Long Zande, Pine Mountain, Ky.

SITUATIONS WANTED

Business Situations HORTICULTURIST-Young man,10 years' experience with ornamentals, orchard, vine yard, and small fruits, desires position where industry will be appreciated. 204, Outlook. LIBRARIAN-Young lady,well educated. desires position either in private or publ.c library. Reference. 216, Outlook.

SECRETARY- Young woman, college graduate, experienced, desires position with Outlook.

executive, business firm or college. 219,

Companions and Domestic Helpers

ENGLISH trained infant's nurse wishes position about September 1. Best references. Communicate with Florence Jenney, 83 Pinewoods Ave., Troy, N. Y.

WANTED-Position as managing housekeeper in school or institution for fall. 209. Outlook.

SUPERINTENDENT, housemother, or teaching sewing, kindergarten, or grades, institution or school. Have 16-year old girl who may assume duties not conflicting with studies. Trained, experienced, capable woinan. 211, Outlook.

TRAINED teacher, chaperon, and housekeeper desires position as housemother or assistant housekeeper in school, or as companion to lady, or managing housekeeper in private home. Excellent references. 217. Outlook.

MATRON, housemother, housekeeper, school or institution. Years of experience. Highest credentials. 59 Cross St., Winchester, Mass.

TWO experienced tea room workers wish positions. separately or together, for the winter. Freferably south of Washington. Excellent references. 224, Outlook.

Teachers and Governesses YOUNG French lady, experienced, well educated, desires situation to teach French in first-class public school, boarding school, or college. New England or vicinity. 27, Outlook.

EXPERIENCED kindergartner and pri mary teacher wishes position in public or private school, or in home as mother's assistant. 215, Outlook.

FRENCH teacher, university graduate, perfect German, English, American, and European school experience, wants position in public or private school. 218, Outlook.

STATIONERY

PRINTED stationery. None better made, send for free samples and be convinced 200 sheets bond note paper and 100 envelopes printed with your name and address $1.50 Lewis, 284 Second Ave., Troy, N. Y.

MISCELLANEOUS

BOYS wanted. 500 boys wanted to sell The Outlook each week. No investment necessary. Write for selling plan, Carrier Department, The Outlook Company, 381 Fourth Ave, New York City.

MISS Guthinan, New York shopper, will send things on approval. No samples. References. 309 West 99th St.

TO young women desiring training in the care of obstetrical patients a very thorough nurses' aid course of six months is offered by the Lying-In Hospital, 307 Second Ave, New York. Monthly allowance and full mainte nance is furnished. For further information address Directress of Nurses.

COMPETENT single poultryman wonkl lease few acres with some buildings. Board required. State terms, capacity, markets 208, Outlook.

BOOKKEEPING self-taught in week. Double-entry bookkeeping for individuals, partnerships, corporations. Send $2 for Dukes' Columnar Bookkeeping," containing complete charts and explanations. Newton A. Dukes, Box 13, Fox St. Sta., New York. NOTED teacher of boys desires eleven boy for college preparation together with his sou in his country home. References noted educators. 210, Outlook.

M W. Wightman & Co. Shopping Agency, established 1895. No charge: prompt delivery, 44 West 224 St., New York.

I

Ο

BY THE WAY

a

NE correspondent writes to protest against the use of the word "wish" instead of "want" in an editorial. We plead guilty. Another thinks that a certain "than" should have been "of." Perhaps so. Another points out that some one in The Outlook said "opus magnus." Terrible! London "Punch" scores daily paper for telling of a cricketer who caught a ball when "prone on his back." Verbal errors are common enough. What interests us more is the vice of overworked words. For example, "wonderful," "absolutely," "awful," "positively," "artistic"-perhaps some of our readers would like to complete the list.

Obstinacy is sometimes a pretty good trait of character. Some one has lately unearthed a saying of Charles Lamb to a person who complained that some one was obstinate: "I like a good solid obstinacy. Something may come of it. Besides there's something to quarrel with. One's blows don't tell upon a fellow who goes whisking about like a ball of worsted, and won't stand up for his own opinion."

An unusual war trophy hangs in a church in a little village near Colchester, England. It is a German bomb and it is inscribed: "This bomb is one of forty or more dropped on our parish by a German airship, September 12, 1915; yet no one was injured, thank God!"

We are in receipt of a letter from a syndicate which kindly offers to provide us with humorous material, samples of which are sent. The syndicate offers to give "exclusive gags at the low rate of three dollars a gag." We have studied the samples and have decided to remain gagless.

The oldest marine insurance policy in existence was lately discovered in the records of the India Office, in London. It related to the voyage of a vessel of 250 tons, The.Three Brothers, in 1656. A correspondent sends us a copy of "Lloyd's Weekly Summary" with photographs of this ancient document. It is interesting to note that in it are used the very same phrases which still appear in modern policies and have now so antique a flavor. Some of these we quoted from a recent policy not long ago. The assurers guard the owner "touching the adventures and perils . . . . of the seas, men of warr, fire, enemies, pirates, rovers, thieves, surprizalls," and

so on.

A curious question in the law of murder is. Who is guilty of murder if one man wounds the victim so that he would certainly die but another actually kills the victim after the first wound is received. This would seem to be a very improbable case; but in fact there are several decisions bearing on it. For instance, an American court has held that an assassin who shot a man was not guilty of murder because the victim in his suffering killed himself. Just lately a Belgian court, on the other hand, ordered a young man acquitted who,

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