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Idaho.

Capital:
BOISE.

Idaho was created a territory by an act
of Congress March 3, 1863, from portions of
Dakota, Nebraska and Washington, and its
area then embraced the present State of Mon-
tana and nearly all of Wyoming. It was part
of the original Louisiana purchase and was in-
cluded first in Oregon and later in Washington.
The permanent settlement of the territory did
not begin until the discovery of gold in 1860.
It was admitted to Statehood July 3, 1890.
area is 84,290 square miles, and the estimated
population in 1901 was 169,000.

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The

Mining and agriculture are the principal industries of the State, and the manufacturing interests are dependent upon the forests, mines and farms, and are incidental to these. Flour and grist mill products, car construction and

repair are of chief importance. The principal industry is the manufacture of lumber and timber products. There are 7,000,000 acres of timber land in the State which has just begun to be worked.

The mountains of Idaho are well supplied with gold, silver, lead and copper. More than one-fifth of the lead product of the United States in 1899 was taken from the mines of this State, while in the production of silver, Idaho ranked fourth.

The Idaho Legislature of 1901 enacted a law similar to those passed in Illinois and Missouri, providing for the creation of a Labor Commission to act as a State Board of Arbitration. The Board was to consist of two persons, one of whom should and should himself have been an while the other should have been an time. The two Commissioners were

Whenever a strike occurred af Commissioners were directed to and if the offer was accepted both of the board. The court to hear Commissioners and the Judge of the strike occurred. In case the vices of the board it was empow port to the Governor. Strikes in than twenty-five persons were also board.

A constitutional amendment was mitted to the electors, providing power to pass special laws for the factories, smelters, mines and ore

A law regulating employment bu of such a bureau should deposit and misrepresentation. A bill in duty was passed, but vetoed by the women were allowed to vote they

A bill that failed of passage on application of the proper county the State where there was rioting, call the Legislature into special and that his proclamation of mar more than thirty days.

Gov. John T. Morrison.

be identified with labor interests employe for at least six years, employer for the same length of to be of opposite political parties. fecting at least fifty persons the offer their services as arbitrators, parties should abide by the decision the cases should consist of the the County Court in whose district parties refused to accept the serered to make investigations and revolving less than fifty and more placed under the jurisdiction of the voted by the Legislature, to be subthat the Legislature might have health and safety of employes in reduction works.

reaus provided that every manager $5,000 as a security against fraud tending to relieve women of jury Governor on the grounds that as should do court duty.

provided that the Governor might, officers, send militia to any part of and that he should immediately session to adjust the difficulties, tial law should not be effective for created to assist and advise munici

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A State Library Commission was palities in the establishment or improvement of pubiic libraries, and the Common Council of every city and town was empowered to establish and maintain a public library and reading room and to levy annually a tax not exceeding one mill on a dollar.

Congress was petitioned not to adopt any policy that would lead to the leasing of public lands for grazing purposes, as much of the irrigation water of the State flowed through public domains. It was also applied to not to give assent to the Grout Oleomargarine bill, it being claimed that the passage of this bill would affect the stock raising interests of the State.

The Democratic State Convention met September 5, 1902, and adopted a platform indorsing the Kansas City platform and William Jennings Bryan. The Republicans at their convention, August 22, indorsed President Roosevelt, condemned trusts and indorsed protective tariff with a reservation.

Tllinois.

Capital:
SPRINGFIELD.

Illinois was first settled by the French as a consequence of the enterprises of Marquette in 1673. As the colonies extended disputes arose between the French and English which ultimately resulted in the war that ended with the capture of Quebec and terminated French dominion over any part of the country east of the Mississippi. In 1809, after Indiana, Ohio and Michigan had been set off, Illinois territory included what are now the States of Illinois, Wisconsin and part of Minnesota.

The area of Illinois is 56,650 square miles, and in 1901 the estimated population was 4.930,000. Chicago is the second city in the United States, and had in 1900 a population of 1,698,575. There is no Sate debt.

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According to the census of 1900 Illinois ranked as the third manufacturing State in the United States, the per cent of industrial wage earners being 8.2 per cent of the total population. Its rank as a manufacturing State is due chiefly to its proximity to abundant coal and iron supplies and to transportation facilities, which make it the natural distributing point to the West and South. In 1900 Illinois had more railroad mileage than any other State in the country, the total number of miles being 10,997. Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River offer ready means of communication.

Slaughtering and meat packing are the most important industries, and in 1900 these products were valued at $287,922,277. Chicago is the great live stock market for the West and Northwest, and industries dependent upon animals have been greatly stimulated by inventions which make possible the utilization of all by-products.

The manufacture of foundry and machine shop products ranks second in importance in the State. The abundance of cheap iron afforded by the mines in the Lake Superior region has tended to increase the iron and steel output. The manufacture of liquors ranks third, and the city of Peoria has become the largest producer of whiskeys and high wines in the United States. The output of agricultural machines has followed the development of agriculture, and Illinois manufactories furnish machines to a greater part of the West.

A considerable portion of the time of the State Legislature in 1901 was devoted to redistricting the state as regards Congressional and State Senatorial representation. As the law was finally passed, eighteen

of the twenty-five Congressional make certain, it was believed, a times. Seven Republican districts cago), leaving but three to the Senatorial districts, thirty-six were

The main contention in the Leg should be given Cook County repre stitutional amendment limiting Cook lature to one-third of the entire Senate, but failed to pass the

The Legislature appropriated able building & the St. Louis E committee of fifteen to have charge Eundred and fifty thousand dollars maintenance of the Illinois and

A labor act provided that no per be employed for more than sixty ments subject to factory inspection, ployed, were directed to provide permit them to be used when the at their duties.

The State Board of Arbitration tigations of facts in the case of cause the public to suffer injury or lights, food or fuel, communication party will consent to submit the Board may proceed to make inves mon witnesses and hear testimony. with such recommendations to the will contribute to a fair and equit

Gov. Richard Yates.

districts were distributed so as to Republican majority in ordinary were assigned to Cook County (ChiDemocrats. Of the fifty-six State arranged as Republican.

islature was as to what power sentation. A resolution for a conCounty representation in the Legismembership, was adopted by the House, and the bill stood as passe 1. $250,000 for the erection of a suitposition in 1903, and appointed a of Illinois interests there. One was appropriated for repairs and Chicago Canal.

son under the age of sixteen should hours in any week. All establishwhere girls and women were emsuitable seats for their use and to employes were not actively engaged

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Laws were passed making bequests to religious, charitable and educational purposes exempt from the inheritance tax. An act giving the State Auditor supervision over the accounts and bookkkeeping of the State and every political subdivision of it, and instructing the Governor to establish a uniform system of public accounting, was vetoed by the Governor on the grounds of unconstitutionality.

In 1901 the Illinois State University received an appropriation of $912,000 from the Legislature, and two private bequests of $25,000 each. Within the last two years Chicago University has been given a sum of money apparently suffcient to support several colleges for several years. In December, 1901, a gift of $1,250,000 was received from John D. Rockefellar, and in June, 1902, a further gift of $750,000 was announced from the same source. Since 1890 the institution has received $11,000,000 in gifts from Mr. Rockefeller alone. By a vote of the trustees, taken in June, 1902, co-education was abolished at the University, and "segregation," providing separate recitation rooms for the women students, was adopted. There was much discussion on the matter, and for a time charges were made against President Harper by some of the members of the Alumnae Association, that he had purposely changed the result of the vote when he counted the ballots.

The Democratic State Convention, which met June 17, 1902, limited its platform to all "fundamental principles of the Democratic party as laid down in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States affirmed at the last National Convention."

In the Republican State platform, adopted May S. the party "condemns all conspiracies and combinations to restrict business, create monopolies, limit production or control prices."

The history of the meat packing industry in Illinois is interesting, showing as it does, how Chicago was almost forced to become the meat packing centre of the United States. The packing of meats was begun there in 1836, before the city was incorporated, cattle and hogs being brought in on the hoof. The pioneer establishment was located very near the mouth of the Chicago River, in what is now the heart of the city. Attention was early concentrated on the by-products, and now nearly the entire animal is utilized. The flesh is sold as meat. The blood is dried and used for clarifying purposes, the hoofs are turned into neatsfoot oil, the parings of the hoofs, bones and hides are converted into glue, the finest of the fats are made into butterine, lard, oils, and the finest tallow; the cruder fats are made into soap grease; the hides are marketed for the manufacture of leather; the horns are sold to combmakers: the larger bones are used for making knife handles and for other purposes; the switches and tail ends are sold to hair mattress makers. and the short hair, which cannot be dried and curled, is sold to felt works.

According to the census, there were, in 1900, in the 61 establishments reported, 27,861 employes, or a little more than 7 per cent of the workers of the State, and the total value of the products was $287,922,277, or 22.9 per cent of the value of the total products of the Stae.

Indiana.

Capital: INDIANAPOLIS.

Indiana was organized as a Territory July 4, 1800, and was admitted as a State, December 11, 1816. It originally constituted a part of New France and subsequently of the Northwest Territory. In 1702 a party of French Canadians descended the Wabash and established settlements, meeting with but small opposition from the Indians. Little is known of these settlements prior to 1763, when the territory was ceded to Great Britain. In 1788 an Indian war broke out, causing great distress at Vincennes, and it was not until 1791, after the Battle of Tippecanoe, that the hostile tribes were finally subdued. On May 7, 1800, Ohio was erected into a separate Territory, leaving all the country to the north and west to be included in Indiana. In 1805 Michigan was set

off, and in 1809 Illinois, leaving Indiana with its present boundaries.

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Indiana has an area of 36,350 square miles and in 1901 its estimated population was 2,552,000. The chief industries of the State are manufacturing and mechanical, though agriculture forms a large part of the general wealth.

The growth of manufacturing in Indiana has been largely dependent upon the extension of railways, for the State has but few navigable waterways, none of which extend either to large sources of supply or to important markets. The discovery of natural gas greatly stimulated manufacturing by the abundance of cheap fuel, readily transported, that it affords. In 1899 Indiana produced more natural gas than any other State in the Union, and in the production of petroleum it ranked fourth, and in coal, sixth.

The leading industry of the State is that of meat packing, the products being valued in 1900 at $43,862,273. The manufacture of flour and grist mill products ranks second in importance and the manufacture of liquors follows next. Lumber and timber products have a large part in the industries of the State and there are still extensive tracts of hard wood uncut, but a greater part of the supply comes from Tennessee and Kentucky. The typical wood products of the State are high grade wagons, carriages, furniture and agricultural machines.

Among them

The Legislature of 1901 passed several acts of importance to manufacturers and laborers. was a bill to regulate trusts within the State, making certain acts of a corporation unlawful. The refusal of a corporation to furnish its articles at a reasonable price when needed by any manufacturer, the charging of a manufacturer any goods, and any action affecting or closing down of any manufacDomestic corporations disobeying of their charters and foreign cordoing any further business within directors of these corporations were or imprisonment or both. Foreign gage or encumber their real or per injustice or exclusion of any cred no mortgage of any foreign corpora companies, given to secure a debt take effect as against any person or bilities due to any citizen of In mortgage should be satisfied.

more than a fair market price for or intending to affect the selling out tory were to be regarded as illegal. these provisions were to be deprived porations to be prohibited from the State. The agents, officers or to be punished personally by a fine corporations were forbidden to mortsonal property in Indiana to the itor or corporation in Indiana, and tion, except railroad and telegraph created in any other State should corporation in Indiana until the liadiana at the time of recording the tection of employes were passed. employed on public works should be an hour. Another which seemed to tion of all trade in convict-made should be labelled as convict made. selling them should pay an annual for the sanitary condition of establishments. This prescribed rules prohibited the employment of perA bill making direct primaries compulsory in one county and optional in all passed the House. The primaries of all parties were to be held at the same time and under sworn election officers. The bill also passed the Senate, but with great modifications. It finally provided for separate primaries and partisan supervision, and while the House bill had provided for direct nominations, the Senate bill required the election of delegates to a nominating convention. The Senate bill was finally accepted by the House. This law was to apply to only two counties and the expenses of the primaries were to be borne by party organizations instead of by the State, as first intended.

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Several acts looking to the pro One provided that unskilled labor paid a minimum rate of 20 cents have for its purpose the exterminagoods, provided that such goods and that persons or corporations tax of $500. Another act provided bakeries and other food producing for the health of the employes and sons with communicable diseases.

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Gov. W. T. Durbin.

A stringent act was passed to prevent unauthorized practice of medicine within the State, and was aimed chiefly against Christian Scientists and so-called mental healers of all sorts, but it premitted the practice of osteopathy. It provided that no one shall be entitled to practise medicine who has not graduated from a regular medical school; that such a person may not heal or attempt to heal diseases of mind or body or advertise a willingness to do those things or to use in connection with his name the word Doctor. Professor or Healer: provided, however, that such a person may practise osteopathy upon the passing of a medical examination in all respects like that of a regular medicine examination, except as to materia medica. A State Board of Forestry was provided for, whose duty should be to collect and disseminate information regarding forests, timber lands and timber culture, and to recommend plans for the establishment of State forests. An act was passed defining kidnapping and making it punishable by not less than 10 years' imprisonment.

The Democratic State Convention met June 4, 1902. In the platform there was no mention made of the Kansas City programme. The administration's Philippine policy was condemned. The Republican Convention met April 24. Its platform confirmed the platform adopted by the Republican National Convention of 1900, and approved the course of the administration in regard to the Filipinos.

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Indian
Cerritory.

Indian Territory is an unorganized territory of the United States, set apart by Congress in 1834 for Indian reservations. Its area is 31,000 square miles and in 1901 its population was estimated to be 413,000. This section was part of the Louisiana purchase of 1803, and western strip was originally part of Texas, Iceded to the United States.

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Indian Territory is devoted almost entirely to agriculture, though the opening of tracts of the country to white settlers has developed some small manufactures attendant upon local needs. Stock raising and grazing is carried on extensively, and in the southern part of the territory fruit culture has recently risen into prominence. Lack of transportation facilities prevents any extensive export trade. Cotton is raised to some extent and there are several factories for the manufacture of cotton-seed oil and cake. The total capital invested in manufactures in 1900 was a little more than $2,000,000.

Capital:
TAHLAQUAH.

After the setting off of Oklahoma, large tracts of land were opened to white settlers, at first those who arrived earliest after a set date receiving the best lands. The last great opening of Indian lands to white settlers occurred August 6, 1901. This section constituted the Kiowa, Comanche and Apache reser

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vations, with the adjoining Wichita reservation in southwestern Oklahoma. The area contained approximately 3,750,000 acres. Each Indian had been allotted 160 acres of his own selection, inalienable for a term of years, and other reservations were made for Federal, territorial and other purposes. The balance was then disposed of by lottery for homesteads of 160 acres each or by public auction for town lots in the regularly established town sites.

MUSCOGEE NATION

Within a week after the proclamation thriving towns were in existence at the sites provided and the

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whole municipal machinery was in action, while the rural settlers had their fields ploughed and crops planted. The proceeds from the sale of town lots were turned over to the treasuries of the counties for public purposes, as will also be the proceeds from the sale of certain reserved school lands.

During 1902 there were some disturbances in the Choctaw Government, an Indian Government under Federal supervision, as to tribal elections. It was alleged that fraud had been practised by both parties seeking to gain power, and finally it became necessary for the Territorial authorities to take a hand. Supreme Judge Wesley Anderson, of the Choctaw Government, was forced to turn over the ballot boxes to Governor Dukes, who displaced Judge Anderson and appointed Silas Cole to act as temporary judge in The opposing factions found it necessary to bring the matter before the custody of the election returns. Interior Department for settlement and Federal troops were sent to prevent conflicts between the partisans Governor Dukes had taken possession of the Capitol building, and had perof the rival candidates. mitted persons to enter and take seats in the Choctaw Council upon commissions issued by himself. The official dispatches received by the Department indicated that Green McCurtain had been chosen Governor by a majority of 689, and he was duly sworn in October 12, 1902.

The question of a territorial government that would not be inimical to the interests of the Indian citizens on the one hand nor to the white settlers on the other, has been discussed to some extent, but without result. It seems to be a general opinion that the Indians of the territory should be left as free as is considered safe to formulate and define their own laws, and afterwards execute them.

What was probably the first industrial exhibition ever held in the United States was held under the auspices of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association on July 4, 1818, and it was the forerunner of triennial exhibitions which that historic organization has held regularly in the city of Boston since The Massa1837, the latest, continuing as usual through a period of six weeks, occurring last year. It opened on September 22 and closed on November 1. chusetts Charitable Mechanic Association was the outgrowth of a movement inaugurated by the master mechanics of Boston to secure the enactment of laws giving better regulation to the existing ones relative to apprentices. The leader in it was Paul Revere, who had long been one of the foremost men in the old town, and whose famous ride to warn the farmer patriots of Middlesex County that the British troops were about to attempt the seizure of their arms and ammunition has been celebrated in song and story. The mechanics of Boston had been for years prior to the beginning of the War for Independence a respected and influential element in the community. They entered heart and soul into the cause of liberty, and herein, as in other things, When independence Paul Revere was one of the most active spirits. He was one of the men who, disguised as Indians, threw overboard the tea from the British ships in Boston harbor. had been achieved, and the several States, now independent, were hesitating, most of them about accepting

and before such work was rendered unnecessary by larger enterprises of similar character undertaken by the municipal authorities, consisted in the establishment of a Mechanic Apprentices' Library, a library for the members of the association, and schools to meet the special needs of apprentices.

The first exhibition held under the auspices of the M. C. M. A., heretofore mentioned, resulted from the receipt by the president, in June, 1818, of an anonymous letter containing $35, with the request that the sum be given by the association as prizes to coopers' apprentices for the best casks to be made by their own hands. The trust was accepted, and three prizes of $20, $10 and $5, respectively, were offered for the best, second best and third best cask made by apprentices, to be exhibited on Boston Common on the ensuing "Fourth of July." There were ten entries, and all the casks were sold at auction after the prizes were awarded, the owners realizing good prices. During the next year the donor of the $35, who proved to be Mr. William Wood, a prominent merchant, donated $80 to be given as prizes for the best casks and hats made by apprentices, and this exhibition also was a success. In 1820 a more elaborate exposition of industrial progress was held in the Washington Gardens, when the custom of awarding medals and diplomas was inaugurated, three silver medals and sums of money aggregating $60 constituting the prizes. There were eleven exhibits, all of apprentice work, consisting of harnesses, doors, wheels, ships' blocks, boots and barrels. A still larger display was made in October, 1821, when popular interest had become so far enlisted in the matter that quite a sum of money was subscribed for prizes. It was now proposed to hold regular annual exhibitions, but there came a lull in the interest, which lasted until 1832, when the matter of establishing regular exhibitions was referred to a committee. It was not until 1836 that any decided action was taken. but in that year a committee made so strong a recommendation that in the January following an appropriation was made for the purpose of preparing for an exhibition to be held in the Fall. This was really the first of the series which have for more than half a century been one of the great events in New England every third year. It was held in the second stories of Faneuil Hall, and the long edifice nearby, known as Quincy Market, a covered bridge connecting the two edifices temporarily, and this was the scene of many successful expositions, until it was deemed advisable for the association to build a permanent exhibition hall of its own.

For several years the project of an exhibition building was agitated in the association, and finally, in 1880, a plot of land containing 109,890 square feet-a little more than two and a half acres-was purchased as a site. It has a frontage of 652 feet on Huntington avenue and of 333 feet on West Newton street, two of the finest thoroughfares in Boston, the rear line of the property being along the line of the N. Y., N. H. & H. Railway. The building erected here is an imposing one, both in size and architecture, and is admirably arranged, not only for the purposes of the association, but for renting, either wholly or in part, for assemblies, conventions, balls, concerts, etc. The building was completed in time for the triennial exhibition of 1881, and has been the scene of each successive exhibition since then. It has been occupied also for a great variety of purposes, including many functions of large social or public importance.

In addition to the mission performed by the association as thus described it has been true to that descriptive portion of its name which places it in the category of benevolent organizations. Its charities have always been generous and wisely administered, consisting not merely in giving aid where necessary, but in assisting its beneficiaries toward self help.

The organization of the M. C. M. A. includes the following officers: President, William N. Young: VicePresident, Edmund H. Hewins; Treasurer, Newton Talbot; Secretary, Alfred Bicknell. There is a Board of Trustees composed of thirteen members; a Committee of Relief with nine members, and various other committees. The charity fund is in charge of three trustees, and there is also a fund for other purposes of the association, known as the Shattuck Fund, which is in the hands of a similar board.

Institute and Other Fairs.-Annual fairs for the exhibition of industrial progress have long been fre quent in various parts of the country, the larger ones, indicative of advances in mechanics, being usually held in the larger cities. The American Institute, founded in 1828, and incorporated in 1829, has held many successful exhibitions in New York City. The Franklin Institute of Philadelphia was established about the same time, and its exhibitions have not only attracted a full share of interest, but have contributed to the stimulation of industrial progress. San Francisco has a Mechanics' Institute, founded in 1865, which has held excellent exhibitions. Cincinnati inaugurated a series of exhibitions in 1870. St. Louis, Baltimore and Buffalo also have had some of a very satisfactory character.

What are known as agricultural fairs, which are annual events in nearly every section of the country, are not devoted exclusively to that particular branch of industry, but afford opportunity and encouragement in the shape of prizes, diplomas, etc., to the exhibition of nearly every kind of handiwork. These fairs are held under the auspices of town organizations in a great many places, while those of the larger importance are under the auspices of county and State agricultural societies, a number of these owning and maitaining permanent grounds and buildings for the purpose.

American World's Fairs.-The first American World's Fair was held in New York City by a company organized and incorporated to carry on such an exhibition. This company obtained a lease for five years of the grounds now comprised in what is known as Bryant Park. A huge building of pleasing architectural design, and constructed largely of glass and iron was erected, and was given the name of the Crystal Palace. Here the first World's Fair in America was opened with grand ceremony by Franklin Pierce, President of the United States, on July 14, 1853. The exhibition was practically a continuous one for three years, reopening for extended periods in 1854 and 1855. As a business enterprise it did not prove sufficiently encouraging, and it was abandoned, the Crystal Palace being let thereafter to the American Institute for its annual exhibitions. During one of these the building was destroyed by fire on October 15, 1858.

The next world's fair was a stupendous enterprise undertaken in commemoration of the centennial anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. It was held in Philadelphia during the year 1876, aided by a large appropriation from the Congress of the United States, and the co-operation of the various State governments, a number of which erected buildings of their own upon the grounds in Fairmount Park. The exhibition was generously aided by foreign governments also in the same way, and the exhibits from abroad occupied a vast amount of space, adding materially to the interest and value of the affair. American industries were naturally represented in all their varieties, and the exhibition grounds, with their avenues, gardens, beautiful buildings and other attractive features, were, in effect, a small and ever-popular city. Atlanta, Ga., had a fair in 1881, which, while it was not a world's fair, inasmuch as it was designed mainly to illustrate the progress and magnitude of the cotton industry, was of a size and importance to rank with such. It was participated in by all the cotton-producing States, and was known as the Cotton States' Exposition. Another exhibition of much importance, although not characterized as a world's fair, was the Southern States' Exposition, held in Louisville, Ky., in 1883. The World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition was held in New Orleans, La., in 1884. The Columbian Exposition, held in Chicago in 1893, to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America, was another magnificent enterprise on the scale of the Philadelphia Centennial, which it naturally excelled by the aid of many elements, including the immense progress made in practical science during the seventeen years intervening between the two. The "White City," built on the shore of Lake Michigan, was the marvel of the period, and the exposition was in the fullest respect a world's fair, enlisting the interest of nearly every race on earth, exemplifying every phase of human progress at the time, and drawing visitors from every land. The California Mid-Winter International Exposition was held with gratifying success in San Francisco in 1894. Atlanta, Ga., had a second exposition of Southern industries in 1895. The Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition was held in Nashville, Tenn., in 1897. Omaha, Neb., was the scene of the Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition in 1898. Ranking with the Philadelphia Centennial and the Chicago Columbia expositions, the Pan-American Exposition, held in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1900, was in some respects superior to either of them. Marvellous progress, especially in the application of electricity to the uses of mankind, had been made, even in the brief period of seven years following the Chicago exhibition, and in spite of the fact that the growing frequency of world's fairs had taken the edge off from interest in such enterprises, Buffalo was the objective point of tourists from all parts of the world while the exhibition remained open. It was made sadly memorable, however, by the assassination of President McKinley, who was fatally shot while holding a public reception in one of the buildings.

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