188 miles distant. In Switzerland, where the city of Geneva had already put such a plant in operation on the river Rhone, a plant for Lausanne was completed on the same river during the year 1902. In the United States the completion of the power canal at Sault Ste. Marie was one of the noteworthy events of the year.

While the transmission of intelligence by the aid of electricity is a very old story, even the telephone having long ago lost every element of novelty, the interest of investigators and inventors in this field of usefulness for the wonderful element, which has become so valuable a servant within less than three-quarters of a century, was never greater than it is at present, and there was

never a time when every new disclosure in connection with their work was more eagerly watched for by the world in general. Wireless telegraphy had become an accomplished fact prior to the year 1902, but much remained to be done in developing it, and much is yet to be accomplished. Wireless telephony also is an assured fact, although it requires even more of development than the other before it can be of any benefit, or can be brought into practical use.

William Marconi, whose wireless telegraph system is the most widely known, achieved a decided triumph on December 21, 1902, when the first complete messages were successfully transmitted from his station at Glace Bay, Cape Breton, to the station at Poldhu, Cornwall, on the coast of England. One of these was from the Governor-General of Canada to King Edward; a second was to the King of Italy from

Station from Which the First Wireless Messages Were Sent.

the commander of the cruiser Carlo Alberto, and the third was the following, which appeared in the London Times of December 22: "Ottawa, Dec. 21.-The Government of Canada, through the Times, desires to congratulate the British people on the accomplishment by Marconi of the greatest feat modern science has yet achieved. (Signed) "CARTWRIGHT, Acting Premier."

The Marconi system, so far as it has been developed, has played an important part in the shipping world for quite an extended period, and largely facilitates the transmission of maritime intelligence, besides affording means for communication between ocean line steamships in mid-ocean.

The advantage which will be afforded by wireless telegraphy in warlike operations was successfully demonstrated by the army and navy manoeuvres of the Summer of 1902, representing an attack upon the eastern coast of the United States and the defence by naval and land forces. In these manoeuvres the De Forest system was installed at Fort Mansfield, on the Connecticut coast, and on board the scout boat Unique. Of all the messages transmitted ninety-five per cent were perfectly received.

Two forms of transmission by electricity which are certain to enter largely into ordinary usage are the reproduction of handwriting in facsimile at distant points, and the sending of pictures by the aid of electric currents. The former is termed telantography, and while little has been made known concerning it, the system has been so far perfected that the United States War Department, after satisfactory tests of it, made at Fort Wadsworth, N. Y., in 1902, adopted it for use early in the same year.

The transmission of pictures by means of an instrument called the electrograph, while not unknown earlier than 1902, attracted unusual attention during that year, and was successfully tested by the sending of perfect reproductions of personal likenesses from Chicago to New York. and their appearance, as thus sent, in various newspapers. The system is a simple one, and when perfected it will be of immense value, espcially in police and newspaper work.

Next to its commercial uses, the most extensive and useful employment of electricity has been in the service of medicine and surgery. These two allied sciences have pressed each other close in their adaptation of electricity to their needs. On the side of medicine there has arisen a distinctive cult of electrical treatment, by which, under the broad term of electro-therapeutics, the Faradic, as well as the Voltaic and other recognized species of currents, are employed in the treatment and cure of many nervous diseases that were formerly beyond the reach of medical aid. Indeed, in the latter years of this science electro-therapy has come to be regarded as a legitimate and distinctive specialty.

Surgeons received their first great aid from electricity in the development of the electro-cautery. Before the general introduction of electricity cauterization was performed with instruments heated by alcohol vapor. Naturally the heat of the knife or wire was extinguished upon contact with live flesh. With the introduction of electricity came the platinum knife, which being heated to a white heat by the electric current, could never be chilled.

Next came the adaptation of the electric light to surgical instruments. By attaching tiny incandescent lamps to the exploratory instruments used by surgeons, darkness was turned into light. Up to that time the surgeon, operating in any of the lesser cavities of the body. had to work by sense of touch alone. Now he has the aid of sight. The throat, to its farthest depths, can be easily and painlessly examined, and, by the aid of the electric light, the stomach itself has been invaded by a tiny camera and has been made to yield photographic record of its processes.

Greater, however, than all these has been the aid given to both medicine and surgery by the X-ray. No longer is it possible for broken bones to be wrongly repaired. for, with the help of the X-ray, the surgeon can view every step of his work. Foreign substances in the body are detected instantly; the heart and the brain are made to yield their secrets and a positive diagnosis can be made of the presence of consumption in the lungs or of tumors in the body. The telephone, too, has been adapted to surgery, for there is now in constant use a form of probe which transmits to the ear of the surgeon the sound it makes when it encounters a bullet or other foreign body.

During the past year many notable electrical inventions have added to the armament of physicians and surgeons. The magneto-electric vitalizer of Edison presents a new curative force: the electrical audiphone of Tracy, by which deaf mutes can be instructed, is a step in a new direction, while the more recent production by Dr. Boise, of Calcutta University, of artificial sense organs, by means of which he has apparently been able to demonstrate the existence of life and electric pulsations in inorganic things, promises an advance in knowledge as great as that conferred by the X-ray.

Wisconsin.

GREAT SEAL OF T

Wisconsin had its beginning in the fur trade. French explorers, ascending the Ottawa, crossed to Lake Huron and, then through Green Bay, the Fox River and the Wisconsin to the Mississippi. In 1634 an agent of Champlain, Jean Nacolet, was the first recorded European to reach Wisconsin soil. In 1658-59, Radisson and Groseilliers, two fur traders, passed along the south shore of Lake Superior and thence southward to the Mississippi. Radisson's journal described the river and the region through which they passed. A Jesuit-mission was founded at La Pointe in 1665, and in 1669 the mission of St. Francis Xavier was established on the shores of Green Bay. Marquette, La Salle, Hennepin, Duluth, in various expeditions, traced most of the waterways of the State. About the middle of the eighteenth century a trading post was established at Green Bay and at the close of the Revolution Prarie du Chiene grew into a settlement, and by the beginning of the nineteenth century Milwaukee, La Pointe and Portage became permanent trading posts. Wisconsin was founded as a Territory in 1836 and admitted as a State May 29, 1848.

Capital:
MADISON.

The manufacture of lumber and timber products is the most important industry in Wisconsin, though the census of 1900 showed that there had been a slight decrease in the product during the decade just passed. However, the State still stands first in the United States in the value of its lumber and timber. The manufacture of flour and grist mill products ranks second. Although the wheat crop of Wisconsin is large, nearly half of the wheat manufactured in 1900 was imported. Foundry and machine shops have increased rapidly, the products of this industry including machinery for motive power and for the equipment of lumber, flour and paper mills, breweries and mines. United States in the manufacture the principal centre of this industry

Important labor laws were ture in 1901. Provision was made public employment bureau in every and private employment bureaus in annual license fee of $100. It was missioner and the superintendents communication with the principal employers of labor, to secure their the same time that no list of ap to any employer whose employes

Another law provided that no be used for manufacturing or indus granted by the Commissioner of not be granted unless the rooms and certificates might be revoked at the State Penitentiary was request tems in vogue in other States and industries in the State prison, and plan for diversifying the prison in unjust competition with honest

Wisconsin at present ranks fourth in the

of malt liquors, Milwaukee being
in the State.

passed by the Wisconsin Legisla-
for the establishment of a free
city of 30,000 inhabitants or over,
such cities were required to pay an
made the duty of the Labor Com-
of the bureaus to put themselves in
manufacturers, merchants and other
co-operation. It was provided at
plicants should be given or shown
were on strike or locked out.
room in a tenement house should
trial purposes without a certificate
Labor, and such certificate should
were in proper hygenic condition,
any time. The Board of Control of
ed to investigate prison labor sy-
make experiments with some small
report to the Legislature upon some
dustries so as to do away with any
labor.

made all the ice on surveyed lakes
and required a tax of 10 cents a
lakes to be sent out of the State.
of the nature of an export tax, but
of the ice. A divorce law passed
the courts of Wisconsin should.
divorce, marry again (xcept by per-
The use of the United States flag

A bill approved in May, 1901, within the State, State property, ton upon all ice taken from these It was claimed that this was not was a price charged for the sale decreed that no person divorced in within a year from the time of the mission of some court of record. for advertising purposes was prohibited. An attempt was made to pass a bill providing for the direct nomination of candidates for State offices. After a stubborn fight the bill, which provided for the abolition of caucuses and conventions, and for the establishment of a primary system, passed the House, but was killed in the Senate. Another bill, limiting the primaries to county nominations, was passed by both Houses, but vetoed by the Governor.

The State Democratic Convention was held September 4, and the platform adopted was devoted almost entirely to State issues and to ap arraignment of the Republican Administration. The present tariff system was attacked as fostering trusts and enabling combinations to "rob American consumers." The Republican platform, adopted at the convention held July 16, besides paying a tribute to McKinley and Roosevelt, condemned some features of the State Government and attacked several of the State officers. The primary law was favored.

Woman Suffrage: Progress and Results.

All over the world the influence of woman
in the shaping of Municipal, State and National
destiny has been steadily growing through the
Women
placing in her hands of the ballot.
could not vote anywhere until seventy years
ago. In 1838 Kentucky gave school suffrage to
widows. Ontario made an advance upon this
first step in 1850 by giving school suffrage to
women, both married and single. Kansas fol-
lowed in this broader concession in 1861.

Municipal suffrage was the next step upon
which woman advanced toward equal political
rights, and the way was opened by New South
Wales in 1867. Two years later England gave
municipal suffrage to single women and widows.
and the colony of Victoria gave it to all

women.

HENRY B.
BLACKWELL.

Wyoming was the first State to bestow full suffrage upon all women, and this was done in 1869. West Australia gave municipal suffrage to women in 1871. School suffrage was granted to women by Michigan and Minnesota in 1875; by Colorado in 1876; by New Zealand in 1877; by New Hampshire and Oregon in 1878; by Massachusetts in 1879; by New York and Vermont in 1880. In the year last mentioned South Australia gave municipal suffrage to women. Municipal suffrage was extended to the single women and widows of Scotland in 1881. Nebraska gave women school suffrage in 1883; Ontario and Tasmania gave them school suffrage in 1885. Municipal suffrage was given them by New Zealand and New Brunswick in 1886.

In 1887 municipal suffrage was granted in Kansas, Nova Scotia and Manitoba, and school suffrage in North and South Dakota, Montana, Arizona and New Jersey. In the same year Montana gave tax-paying women the right to vote upon all questions submitted to the taxpayers.

In 1888 England gave women county suffrage, and British Columbia and the Northwest Territory gave them municipal suffrage. In 1889 county suffrage was given to the women of Scotland and municipal suf

frage to single women and widows in the Province of Quebec. In 1891 school suffrage was granted in IlliDois. In 1893 school suffrage was granted in Connecticut and full suffrage in Colorado and New Zealand. In 1894 school suffrage was granted in Ohio, a limited municipal suffrage in Iowa and parish and district suffrage in England to women both married and single. In 1895 full suffrage was granted in South Australia to womea both married and single. In 1896 full suffrage was granted in Utah and Idaho.

In 1898 the women of Ireland were given the right to vote for all officers except members of Parliament: Minnesota gave women the right to vote for Library Trustees; Delaware gave school suffrage to taxpaying women: France gave women engaged in commerce the right to vote for judges of the tribunals of commerce, and Louisiana gave tax-paying women the right to vote upon all questions submitted to the taxpayers. In 1900 West Australia granted full parliamentary suffrage to women both married and single.

In 1901 New York gave tax-paying women in all the towns and villages of the State the right to vote on questions of local taxation, Norway gave them municipal suffrage, and the Kansas Legislature voted down almost unanimously, and "amid a ripple of amusement,' a proposal to repeal municipal suffrage. In 1902 full national suffrage was granted to all the women of federated Australia. A tree is to be judged by its fruit, and the wisdom of granting to woman that equality in political action which her interest in the community and her intelligent conception of it demand has been made amply evident. In Wyoming equal suffrage has caused the passage of a law that men and women in the employ of the State (including teachers) shall receive equal pay for equal work; has raised the age of protection for girls to eighteen, and has led to the repeal of the law that formerly licensed gambling. Child labor is forbidden, and cruelty to children is severely punished.

In Utah equal suffrage has caused the passage of a law that female teachers in the public schools shall receive the same pay as male teachers, provided they hold certificates of the same grade; also bills raising the age of protection for girls to eighteen, doubling the number of free scholarships in the State Normal School, establishing an art institute, and providing for improved sanitary arrangements in the schools, and for the better protection of the public health in various ways.

In Idaho equal suffrage has caused the passage of bills abolishing licensed gambling, raising the age of protection for girls to eighteen, authorizing city councils to levy a one-mill tax for free reading rooms and libraries, requiring three per cent of all school moneys to be set aside for the founding of school libraries, and establishing a State Library Commission, two members of which must be women and two others the president of the State University and the State Superintendent of Public Instruction.

Colorado owes to her women the laws establishing a State Industrial School for Girls and a State Home for Dependent Children; removing the emblems from the Australian ballot (the nearest approach to an educational qualification for suffrage), making fathers and mothers joint guardians of their children, enlarging women's property rights, raising the age of protection for girls to eighteen, introducing the indeterminate sentence, so much desired by the friends of prison reform; establishing parental schools, providing for the care of the feeble-minded, and for the preservation of forest trees; giving the Board of Charities and Correction power to investigate private eleemosynary institutions, and providing an annual appropriation to buy books for the State library: also in Denver ordinances placing drinking fountains in the streets, forbidding expectoration in public places, and requiring smoke-consuming chimneys on all public and business buildings. Among other results of equal suffrage is a much better enforcement of the laws forbidding the employment in factories of children under fourteen, requiring merchants to furnish their saleswomen with seats, regulating the sale of liquor and tobacco to minors, and others of the same general character. Since equal suffrage was granted, the number of no-license towns in Colorado has been more than quadrupled.

In all the enfranchised States, equal suffrage has made elections more orderly, has improved the primaries, has made it harder to secure the nomination or election of candidates of notoriously bad character, has made it easier to secure adequate school appropriations, has broadened the minds of women and given them a greater interest and intelligence in regard to public affairs, and has largely increased the number of women serving on educational and charitable boards.

Throughout Australia, before the granting of equal suffrage, a married man could will all his property away from his wife, leaving her penniless. She had no right of dower unless he died intestate. In those Australian colonies where women have had a vote, and in those only, the law has now been changed so that part of a man's property must go to his wife and family. The divorce laws of Australia and New Zealand were modelled upon those of England, by which infidelity on the part of the wife entitles the husband to a divorce, but infidelity on the part of the husband does not entitle the wife to one. Since woman suffrage was granted, the divorce laws have been equalized, and a number of other beneficent changes have been made.

Wyoming.

Capital:
CHEYENNE.

The

The area of Wyoming was in the main included in the Territory of Louisiana, acquired from France by the purchase of 1803. western part was acquired by prior settlement, as was the case with Washington, Oregon and Idaho. The progress of settlement was very slow until recent years, owing to the inhospitable character of the country along the southern border, now traversed by the Union Pacific Railroad, and to the occupation by the Indians of the more fertile districts. The few settlers in the region were harassed by the savages and the inducements to make homes were few. With the removal of the Indians, however, population increased rapidly. The Territory was organized in 1868, and Wyoming was admitted as a State July 10, 1890.

Wyoming has an area of 97,890 square miles, and in 1901 its estimated population was 96,000. The census of 1900 showed an increase in the manufacturing industries in Wyoming during the past decade. due chiefly to the increase in population and in the needs of the people of the State. This is primarily a stockraising and mining section, and such manufactures as are carried on are limited to the production of articles necessary to home consumption. There are no large factories, but many small shops. Iron ore and petroleum are found in abundance, but transportation difficulties have prevented the development of the deposits, and, consequently, the development of the industries dependent upon their presence.

The State of Wyoming is a geological wonderland, for the reason that it is, geographically speaking, the newest land on the continent. The Meszoic period has left rich fossil deposits in this State, the remains varying in size from the little invertebrate ammonites to the giant vertebrate dinosaurs of the Jurassic age. In 1889 a thoroughly organized scientific expedition, composed of eighty members, spent some forty days in exploring and examining the fossil exposures and gathering specimens.

Several fossil quarries are in operation in the southwestern part of the State, where the slabs of shale and limestone are obtained from which many handsome specimens are extracted. All the quarrying is done by hand, without the use of blasting, and is conveyed, almost in the same way. by hand. After the slabs of shale are cut from the hillsides they are dried to about one-third their original weight and then the fossils they contain are cleaned of the surrounding stone. Knives and saws made especially for this purpose are used. The fossil fish of the "Green River Tertiary" are particularly beautiful, and when properly cleaned their bones are perfectly outlined.

Few States are richer in strange and attractive scenic curiosities than Wyoming. The famous Yellowstone Park has scarcely an equal for grandeur and interest in the world. The geysers there are the largest in the world and they burst forth everywhere. in the woods, along the lakes. on the mountain sides, and

460

THE AMERICAN ALMANAC, YEAR BOOK, CYCLOPEDIA AND ATLAS.

even in the midst of ponds and streams.

lowstone Rivers, the headwaters separated from each other by the massive wall of the Continental Divide. Within the park are the sources of the Missouri, Columbia and YelThe Union Pacific Railroad has been doing a large amount of work toward the bettering of conditions

in the State during the last few ened and grades reduced, and as a tries of Wyoming will receive a difficult and important pieces of the constructing of a tunnel through the soil and rock through which the work to such an extent that it was possible for the engineers to reach

The Legislature of 1901 passed act directed that any city or town purchase plants of any nature for power. To this end any city or bonds, to be paid for in not more not less than par, and to aggregate of the assessed value of property the interest and to create a sinking special taxes were to be levied. and addition to any other taxes or bonds to be issued, however, except upon of the municipality.

A law which seemed to show to its ultimate limit provided that permanent location of the seat of sity, insane asylum, and the State upon by the popular vote. lowed to be a candidate for any or Any date receiving the highest number winner.

Gov. De Forest Richards.

years. Tracks have been straightresult it is expected that the indusstrong stimulus. One of the most engineering met in this work was the Aspen Ridge. The quality of tunnel passes Interfered with the nearly three years before it was the grade level of the line. several acts of importance. One should have power to construct or the furnishing of light, heat or town was authorized to issue special than twenty years, to be sold at in amount not more than 2 per cent within the municipality. fund for the payment of the bonds, To pay both taxes and bonds were to be in authorized by law. Bonds were not

an affirmative vote of the electors

the principle of democrary carried
at the general election of 1904 the
State government, the State univer-
penitentiary shall be
city, town or village was to be al-
determined
all of these honors, and the candi-
of votes would be declared the

or

person
cantile or mechanical establishment
corporation employing
Foreign insurance companies were

Another act provided that any women in any manufacturing, mer should provide suitable seats for their employes and permit their use. required to file with the State Auditor an affidavit making him or his successor their lawful attorney. upon whom service might be taken and against whom legal proceedings might be instituted. The office of State Geologist was created, and the Governor was directed to appoint for a term of six years a State Geologist who should have no pecuniary interest in mining property in the State. This officer was directed

to examine mining specimens, prospectuses and mines, charging proper fees therefor, and to collect and disseminate such information as to the mines and mineral wealth of the State as might advertise them and develop the mining resources. State Board of Arbitration. A Commission was appointed to look into the advise ility of creating a within the State necessary, instead of six months, as under the former law, and it was directed that instrucThe existing divorce laws were changed so as to make a residence of one year tion in the Enmaue treatment of animals should be given in the public schools.

The Republicans elected the entire ticket at the State election held in November, with the exception of several members of the Legislature. Congressman F. W. Mondell was elected by a large majority and Governor Richards won again the place of Chief Executive of the State by a safe plurality.