Iron Crown of Lombardy, a name given to the crown worn by the Lombard kings and the emperors of Germany when they became kings of Lombardy. It was not precisely an iron crown, but was made of gold, with an iron band which tradition says was beaten from a nail of the Cross on which Christ was crucified. When it was made is not known, but previous to the twelfth century it was called the Golden Crown. The most notable monarchs who wore this crown were Charlemagne, Charles V and Napoleon I. It is now preserved in the Church of Saint John the Baptist at Monza, Italy.

CROWN POINT, a township in Essex County, N. Y., important for its Revolutionary War associations. It was settled by the French in 1731 and was one of the chief frontier posts during the struggle for colonial possessions. Along the natural lines of travel and communication between Canada and the colonies of England, Crown Point, a little fortress on Lake Champlain, was a strategic point, for here the lake narrows to the width of a river, and so a few small cannon could command the passage. This was called Scalp Point by the French, Crown Point by the English. At the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, while Arnold and Ethan Allen took Ticonderoga, a body of "Green Mountain Boys" under command of Seth Warner captured Crown Point, on May 11, 1775, with 200 cannon and a quantity of ammunition. A slope of the embankment with part of the ruins of the barracks is still standing.

Crown Point is 110 miles northeast of Albany 'and ten miles from Ticonderoga, on the west shore of Lake Champlain and on the Delaware & Hudson Railroad. Since the mining of iron ore has been abandoned, the town is dependent on its agricultural resources. Population in 1910, 2,200.

A.E.R.

CRUELTY TO ANIMALS, SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF, the name for various humane organizations existing in most countries of the world, which have been influential in securing laws providing punishment for mistreatment of animals. Support is provided by popular subscription. The first society for this purpose was organized in 1824 in England. Scotland followed in 1839, and in 1866, through the influence of Mr. Henry Bergh, the first society of that kind in America was organized in New York. Other countries took up

movement and now there are similar so

in nearly every country in Europe, in

Canada, Algeria, Australia, South Africa, Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. In some places laws passed through the influence of these societies regulate the treatment of wild animals in captivity as well as of domestic animals.

In nearly all countries legislation fixes a fine of from $5 to $100 or imprisonment from thirty to sixty days, or both, as a punishment for cruelty to any domestic animal. Through legislation, railways are required to unload, every twenty-four hours, for rest, feed and water, all live stock which is being shipped long distances. These societies are endeavoring to secure proper treatment of animals through education of the people rather than by force. In some cities ambulances and derricks have been provided for the removal of disabled and fallen animals. See BERGH, HENRY.

CRUIKSHANK, krook' shangk, GEORGE (17921878), an English artist born in London, famous for his caricatures. His father and elder brother were both caricaturists and at fifteen years of age he was fairly on the road to fame. He was a moralist as well as an artist, and as a total abstainer he finally consecrated his art to portraying the downward career of the drunkard. In 1837 he commenced his famous series of steel etchings illustrative of Dickens' Oliver Twist, which were full of pathos, humor and tragic power. For over half a century he caricatured the costumes, manners and vices of the English people.

CRUSADES, kru saydz', the Holy Wars of the Middle Ages, carried on from the eleventh to the thirteenth century by the Christian nations of Western Europe in the effort to wrest from its Mohammedan possessors the land where Christ had lived and died. The Crusaders took their name from the Latin word crux, meaning cross, for the Cross of Christ was their badge of warfare. No other great event of history has stirred the imagination of the world more than this long and bitter struggle for the possession of the Holy Land, and the traditions of the Crusaders are perpetuated in a collection of tales and poems of infinite variety. Sir Walter Scott's Talisman is one of the most celebrated stories of the Crusading period.

In the earlier pilgrimages to the first home of Christianity may be found the origin of the Crusades. From the time the Christian faith took root in Western Europe bands of pilgrims had made their way to the Holy Land to visit the sepulcher of Christ, and in the eleventh century, a period of religious revival, they