make two wisely chosen and splendid thick quartos for 1904. As usual, "The Royal Academy" was a special subject developed historically, comprising the "Origin and History of the Royal Academy," the "Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers," and "Notes on Portraits of Some Leading Academicians," together with numerous letters in fac-simile and an abundance of illustrations -special plates in photogravure, in color and in half-toneand a reference chronological list of the associates and members of the Academy from its beginning. The winter number, while less historical, is more of a human document. Mr. Henry James some years ago wrote a characteristic and appreciative study of Daumier for the Century Magazine, and an old volume on Gavarni, filled with plates, can be found in some of our libraries; but still it remains true that little is generally known of them. Both drew largely for Le Charivari, the French prototype of Punch, and other comic journals, though they also published their drawings elsewhere. Gavarni's drawings actually established fashions in clothes, and a part of his later work consisted of fashion plates where he invented new costumes. Daumier excelled in the production of the human countenance in all the varied character it possesses. His most active period was the decade and a half after 1850, the painter in him gradually yielding to the lithographer. It was not all fun with these artists of the comic and either of them could portray serious themes when he chose. Both were close and profound students of human life as well as skilled draughtsmen; and one, Daumier, had in him elements of the poet and mystical dreamer as fully developed as those of the satirist. The critical and biographical notes to the present quarto are the work of M. Henri Frantz on Daumier, and of M. Octave Uzanne on Gavarni. The volume is profusely illustrated, the illustrations representing the varied phases of the genius of the two men. The picture of Daumier is from an etching by Delteil in 1903; that of Gavarni from a lithograph by himself. There is every evidence that the study of History is getting splendidly organized and being reduced to a very definite sys tem-something so different from the study of Literature, whose spirit seems to disappear almost in the very moment in which a fixed system becomes established. The development of Libraries has given the occasion, and the Library method is the key to the situation. Consequently, "A History Syllabus for Secondary Schools, Outlining the Four Years' Course in History Recommended by the Committee of Seven of the American Historical Association, By a Special Committee of the New England History Teachers' Association" (D. C. Heath & Co.), is not only valuable for all teachers of History but will be found to be quite as helpful to clubs and to students and general readers. After an introduction showing the spirit and purpose of the work and giving practical suggestions, come the syllabuses proper. These, giving subjects and corresponding bibliographical references, are under four heads, each representing a year's work: I. Ancient History to 800 A.D.; 2. Medieval and Modern European History; 3. English History; 4. American History and Civil Government. In an Appendix is a list of some American Libraries containing special collections of historical material serviceable to teachers of History. There are helpful suggestions under each head for accumulating a small library which would cost about $25. Also there are select lists of books referred to in the outline adapted for a town or larger school library. Each outline and bibliographical list may be obtained separately as well as all four collectively. Similar in spirit is the "Source Book of Roman History" (D. C. Heath & Co.), by Professor Dana C. Munro of the University of Wisconsin, which gives extracts in translation from the various Latin authors who constitute for us the original sources as to the history and habits of the Romans. The extracts do not offer a continuous story, but are representative. They deal not only with the narrative of Roman history, but with the religion, army, institutions, manners and customs of the Roman people. The little volume is rich with bibliographical material and there are helpful illustrations. Still another student's book on History, rather striking in its make-up and outward appearance, filled with illustrations, maps, plans, charts, suggestions, and bibliographical material, apart from the narrative it contains, and printed in bold clear type, is "A History of the Ancient World" (Scribners)-an account of the Eastern Empires, the Greek Empire and the Empire of Rome to the time of Charlemagne, 800 A.D.-by Professor George S. Goodspeed of the University of Chicago. The highly colored frontispiece portrays a bit of the Parthenon and its frieze. There are elaborate helps for both teachers and pupils in addition to extensive outlines for reviews, review exercises, map and picture exercises, comparative studies, topics for reading and for class discussion, and subjects for written papers. All three of these books illustrate well the best methods in vogue with the best teachers for giving a sound basis to historical study. In a letter to Mary Gladstone Lord Acton once wrote: "Don't mind coming to grief over parallels. A disposition to detect resemblances is one of the greatest sources of error." One is impelled, notwithstanding, to compare Lord Acton with the Sybil of Cumæ. Something of the oracular attaches itself inevitably to even the causal utterance of the most erudite man of his age; the cryptic character of his style, due to extreme condensation, increases the resemblance; and finally, the adjuration of Æneas is in point: But oh! commit not thy prophetic mind Lord Acton has left behind him a reputation for learning which nearly touches the bounds of human achievement; the tradition of an historical conception of almost unparalleled grandeur: but the visible fruitage of his life is the existence of the English Historical Review, of which he was one of the founders; the Cambridge Modern History, of which he was the projector and organizer; a few printed lectures and scores of magazine articles, mostly unsigned — the fugitive leaves of the Sybil. In default of a systematic presentation of his vast stores of knowledge, Lord Acton stands in danger of becoming "the shadow of a mighty name." It is therefore fortunate that under the auspices of the Royal Historical Society a bibliography of his writings has already been prepared; for it not only reveals the unsuspected number and range of his publications, but identifies and rescues from oblivion his manifold anonymous productions. The bibliography fills twenty octavo pages, and includes upwards of four hundred and seventy titles. John Emerich Edward Dalberg, Lord Acton, was born at Naples in 1834 and died at Tegernsee, in Bavaria, in 1902. His ancestry, like the course of his life, was cosmopolitan, and placed him in an incomparable position for surveying the wide range of modern history. His mastery of the French, German, Italian, and perhaps the Spanish, languages was as complete as his mastery of English; he lived in closest touch with the leading historians, politicians and churchmen of the states of western Europe. His political activities can here be indicated only, but were such as to admit him behind the scenes, not merely as passive observer, but as a determining force. His parliamentary career, whether as member for six years for the Irish borough of Carlow, or as spokesman, under a Liberal administration, for the Irish Office which he represented in the House of Lords by virtue of his official position as Lord-in-Waiting to the Queen, seems comparatively unimportant. Of greater moment are his constant relations with Mr. Gladstone. Acton was probably the indirect cause of Lowe's appointment as Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1868; and it is possible that, as Sir Mountstuart Grant Duff was assured "by one who had the fullest opportunity of knowing the truth," Gladstone followed Acton into the movement for Home Rule, and not the reverse. Most important of all for Acton's own development was his championship of the anti-papal cause at the Council of 1869-1870, where the dogma of Papal Infallibility was promulgated. Acton looked upon religion as the greatest interest and force in history and life; the action of the Council was diametrically opposed to his cherished conception of the Church as an institution the law of whose life was progress; and it is quite possible that his mind may henceforth have been oversensitive in dealing with ecclesiastical matters. However this may be, it is certain that few writers have had ampler opportunities for seeing political and ecclesiastical history in the making,—and Acton might well say, as practical man of affairs no less than as student of historical method, |