some enterprising citizens several years since, have greatly improved the breed of hogs. But little pains are taken with the hog. Subsisted in the woods upon the mast from September to June, and then upon the wild grasses, this animal is scarcely domesticated. Pork enough is raised to supply the demands of the county, but very little for export. The cattle are principally "scrub." Some of them make good milkA few Short-horns are being introduced, and the quality of the cattle is gradually improving. Before the war mules were raised for the southern markets, but the destruction of the breeding animals was so great during the period of hostilities that the farmers have only been able since to raise enough for the home demand.

ers.

Timber. Very few counties in the State are more abundantly supplied with timber. The southern part is covered with a dense forest of yellow pine, which has scarcely been touched. On the ridges, white oak, black oak, chestnut, poplar and chestnut oak prevail. Cedar timber of a good quality formerly covered the glady hills near Clifton, but most of it has been cut down. The white oak timber is largely consumed in the manufacture of pipe staves for the French and Spanish markets, and near the Tennessee River it is growing scarce and dear. Seventy-five thousand staves are annually shipped from the county, and as the demand continues to increase, the vast white oak forests of the interior will be rapidly consumed in meeting this demand. The tanbark from the chestnut oak is largely used in the various tanneries, and is found in practice to be the best for tanning purposes. It makes by far the best leather, which brings at least ten cents per pound more than the hemlock or oak-tanned. In the iron regions, the timber is very valuable. Charcoal, of which forty bushels are made from a cord of wood, is the fuel used for smelting purposes. In the neighborhood of Wayne Furnace, timber is consumed at the rate of 700 acres annually. With proper protection by law, the great extent of land denuded of timber could be made to yield a new growth, but the annual burnings destroy all the young sprouts as fast as they appear, so that the old coaling lands are a dreary waste, covered with broomsedge and green briers, and worthless to the owners.

Minerals. Hydraulic rock of an excellent quality has been found near Clifton, underlying a reddish limestone. This red limestone is classed as a marble, and though not equalling the variegated beauty of the East Tennessee Marble, yet some of it makes quite a handsome and durable building stone. But by far the most valuable mineral in

Wayne county is the iron ore. This is found in large local deposits called banks, and the quality of the ore is very variable, some of it being so intermixed with gravel and siliceous and argillaceous material as to be nearly worthless. The best banks yet found are two miles south-east of Wayne Furnace. The ore lies in wave-like masses, running mostly parallel with the surface. But these masses sometimes approach and run into each other and then separate, leaving between large masses of clay and flint. The ore has been dug to the depth of thirty feet with no apparent diminution of quantity. Outcrops of iron ore occur upon nearly every hill around the furnace, and these indications extend at places down to the beds of the streams. The gravel overlying the ore is sometimes white and water-worn, but generally of a pale yellowish appearance. Practical iron men consider the quantity of ore inexhaustible.

The ore is a brown hematite, and yields from the furnace 44 per cent. Near Clifton is a bed of anhydrous red oxide of iron that is very valuable. A shaft has been sunk in this bed to the depth of twenty-five feet without reaching the bottom of the ore. Much of this ore is very soft and can easily be reduced to powder and used as a pigment.

Wayne Furnace. Thirty-five years ago, two furnaces were erected upon the same ground where Wayne Furnace now stands. One of them was discontinued and the other was kept in blast for many years. Six years ago, the Gaylord Iron and Pipe Company, of Kentucky, bought the property for $40,000, inclusive of 21,000 acres of land, and set to work to repair it. They introduced the hot blast, erected new stacks, and began operations on a scale much more extensive than ever before. The capacity of the furnace was increased to twenty-four tons per day, but it rarely makes above eighteen. The iron manufactured is cold short, and is unfit for boiler plate, car wheels or wrought iron. It is mostly consumed in the foundry owned by the same company in making iron pipe. One hundred and fifty bushels of charcoal are consumed in making one ton of pig iron. The estimated cost of coal at present is six cents per bushels. The cost of green ore delivered at the furnace, $2 per ton, of which two and one-third tons are used to one ton of iron; cost of limestone per ton of iron, fifty cents labor and salaries, $6.44; incidentals, such as sand, hearth, interest, etc., $1.33; making present cost of a ton of iron $21.97. It costs $5 per ton to get to Clifton, on the Tennessee River, and $3.62 from that point to Cincinnati, making its present (January, 1874,) cost in Cincinnoti $29.59. It must be remembered, however, that much of this

labor is paid for in goods, upon which a profit of from thirty to fifty per cent. is made.

About 200 hands are kept in constant employment, and nearly all the work is done by contract. Sixty cents per cord is paid for cutting wood; $2 per ton for digging and delivering ore; daily laborers, $1.20 per day; skilled laborers, $1.60. The furnace force consumes annually 20,000 bushels of corn, 30,000 pounds of bacon, 600 barrels of flour, 1,200 bushels of corn meal, and 360 tons of hay. It may be stated as a significant fact that all the hay and most of the bacon are brought from Indiana and Kentucky. This furnace furnishes the best market in the county.

The height of the stack of Wayne Furnace is forty-two feet; width across boshes, eleven feet; hot blast, the blast being heated by the waste heat from the trundle head. It is driven in through two tuyers. Capacity of furnace, 5,800 tons annually.

Tanneries. Previous to the war, Wayne county was noted for the number and excellence of its tanneries. More than a dozen were then in operation, manufacturing annually 200,000 pounds of superior leather. Many of them were abandoned or destroyed during the war, and now the number is reduced to four. These manufacture 100,000 pounds of leather annually. The hides are obtained in the St. Louis and New Orleans markets. The leather is mostly shipped to St. Louis. With the abundance of streams that thread the county, and the almost exhaustless quantities of tan-bark, the manufacture of leather will doubtless become in the future one of the leading industries of its citizens. Bark is sometimes shipped, though not in large quantities.

Towns and Villages. Waynesboro, the county seat, was located by commissioners appointed by an act of the Legislature November 5, 1821. The courts were removed to that point in the fall of 1823, and since that period, it has been the seat of justice. It is situated on a level plateau on Green River, and has many high hills encircling it. Population 300; dry goods stores 4; saloons 3; hotels 1; churches 2, one of which is a colored church, the other Cumberland Presbyterian It has also a large tannery, and a school averaging eighty scholars.

Clifton is a flourishing little town of five or six hundred inhabitants, situated on the Tennessee River. It has five dry goods stores, two drug stores, two saloons, one saddler's shop, one hotel, one foundry, one church, Presbyterian, a Masonic school that contains about sixty stu

dents, male and female. There are annually shipped from Clifton: 1,200 bales of cotton, 6,000 tons of iron, 3,000 bushels of wheat, 100,000 pounds of leather, 50,000 staves, 7,000 bushels of peanuts, 500 bushels of dried fruit, besides considerable quantities of feathers and lumber. The latter article, delivered on the river bank, is worth from $14 to $15 per thousand feet. Ashland, on Buffalo, has three stores, one grocery, blacksmith shop, and two churches, Southern Methodist and Cumberland Presbyterian. Flatwood, on Buffalo, has two stores, one church, Protestant Methodist. Wayne Furnace has a store, blacksmith shop and two churches. Martin's Mill has a store, saw-mill, grist-mill, woolen mill, tanyard, and one church, Cumberland Presbyterian. Parker's store, on Indian Creek, has two stores, cotton gin, blacksmith shop and tanyard.

The Agricultural and Mechanical Association has erected handsome buildings upon a lot near Waynesboro. The first fair was held 1872, and another in the fall of 1873. Both were eminently successful. The Association is out of debt, and the people of the county flock in droves to the annual exhibition.

School Statistics. There were enrolled in 1873, between the ages of six and eighteen years, whites, 1,270; colored, 69; total, 1,339. Between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one years, white, 64; colored, 5; total scholastic population, 1,408.

There are employed in the public schools thirty-nine teachers; average salary paid teachers $31.37. Owing to the failure of the magistrates to levy an additional tax for school purposes, the free schools were only kept up for a period of two months and a half.

Statistics. The population of the county in 1870 was as follows: whites, 9,316; colored, 893; total, 10,209. Number acres of land assessed for taxation in 1873, 422,267; value, $1,243,009; number of town lots, 178; value, $70,901; value of mills, manufactures, etc., $70,238; value of personal property, $278,433; total valuation, $1,664,494. Number polls, 1,452. Amount State tax, $6,650.32; amount county tax, $3,325.16; total tax, $9,975.48.

Health. There is no healthier county in the State, as the experience of physicians show. Being well drained, and but a small portion lying in the Tennessee Valley, there is little or no malaria in Wayne county. Its elevation above the sea gives it a mild and pleasant climate and makes it peculiarly pleasant in the summer.

Immigrants. While the citizens greatly desire to see their county populated with an industrious class of immigrants, they have been unable as yet to attract but few from other States. The want of transportation, schools and public spirit has deterred many from making Wayne county a permanent home. There are no railroads in the county, and while the citizens would hail with delight any external movement to open up their resources to the world by rail, they are yet averse, many of them, to a levy by the county for that purpose. The word tax has a sound to their ears as ominous as the roar that precedes the whirlwind. Taxes, to their minds, are destructive of the best interests of society. It is the taking of something for which nothing is given. In consequence of this erroneous idea, schools have been neglected, public buildings have been suffered to fall into dilapidation, roads are mean, and at times well nigh impassable, bridges are scarce and out of repair, and, indeed, all the great public interests which society for its own convenience and safety has been accustomed to look after have been neglected. While the county greatly needs immigrants, its citizens still hesitate to take the very steps necessary to secure that immigration, which to them, in their sparsely settled county, means wealth, intelligence, comfort and independence.

The Waynesboro Citizen, the only newspaper in the county, will doubtless awaken a more zealous interest in public affoirs.

WHITE COUNTY.

COUNTY SEAT-SPARTA.

Organization and Early History. White county was orginally a part of Smith. Smith county was laid off October 26, 1799, embracing all the territory east of Sumner to the Cherokee boundary, which was the east side of Cumberland Mountain, and from the Kentucky line south to Caney Fork River. White county was organized by an act of the Tennessee Legislature, passed at Knoxville in 1806, just ten years after Tennessee was admitted into the Union. It embraced at that time all' the territory east of Smith to Walden's Ridge, and south to Elk River. The first Court was held at Rock Island on the 15th of October, 1806. Although originally so large, White county has been roughly handled