follow their exertions, was now in formed that the pope had retired, and that the gates of the capital were open to receive him: it was likewife fuggefted to him, that his prefence was more than ever neceffary, to give energy to their refolves, form to their plans, and ftability to their undertakings. Arnold took fire at the news; an unufual fwell of enthufiafm filied his breast; and he fancied that, like Junius Brutus, he was called at once to give liberty to Rome. At his appearance a new ftream of vigour animated the citizens; they called him their friend and diliverer. The Brefcian walked amongst them; his deportment was humble, his countenance emaciated, his addrefs affable, and he fpoke to them of moderation, of fubmiffion, of obedience. With the nobles and new fenators he held another language; though to them alfo he was mild and diffident, fpeaking much of virtue and of refpect for religion and the laws. He had been filent and neglected, be revived in all their vigour. fpoke of the pope, as of a depofed and banished tyrant: "But fhould you again be difpofed, continued | he, to admit him within thefe walls; firit fix your own rights, and determine his. He is but your bishop; let him therefore have his fpiritual jurifdiction. The government of Rome, its civil eftablishments, and its territories, belong to you. Thefe you will keep, if you have the fpirit of men, and the hearts of Romans." "But no fooner was he fenfible of his own real influence, and faw the lengths to which the revolters had already carried their defigns, than he threw afide the mafk, and appeared in his own character, daring, impetuous, felf-fufficient, vain. He harangued the people; he talked of their forefathers, the ancient Romans, who, by the wifdom of their fenate, and the valour of their armies, had conquered nations, and fubdued the earth. He dwelt on the names and the atchievements of the Bruti, the Gracchi, and the -Scipios; and of thefe men, faid he, are you not the children? He advifed, that the Capitol be inftantly repaired, that the equeftrian order be restored, that the people have their tribunes, that dignity attend the fenate, and that the laws, which "Fired by this harangue, the people, headed by the most difaffected of the nobles, publicly attacked the few cardinals and churchmen who remained in the city; they fet fire to the palaces; and they compelled the citizens to fwear obedience to the new government. Moderate men, who law the folly of the attempt, were fhocked at thefe excefies of popular phrenzy; but it was in vain to oppofe the torrent: they fubmitted, looking forward, with fome curiofity, to the termination of an event, which had begun in extravagance, and must end in difappointment, Eugenius till now had viewed, with fome concern, the wild derangement of his people; but when it feemed, that their eyes opened to their own exceffes, he could be in active no longer. He excommunicated the ringleaders of the faction, and at the head of his troops, who were chiefly compofed of Tiburtini, a people always hoftile to the Romans, Romans, he marched against the enemy. His friends, within the walls, who were numerous, co-operated with his defigns, and in a few days, overtures for peace were made to the pontiff. He acceded to them, but on condition, that they fhould annul the arrangements they had made, and if they would have fenators, that they should acknowledge all their power was from him. The people were fatisfied, and they threw open the gates, through which Eugenius entered, among the acclamations of a fawning and inconftant multitude. Before this event Arnold had retired; but he left behind him many friends ftrongly attached to his perfon and principles. "We hear little more of this enthufiaft, for fuch he was, till the reign of Adrian, our countryman, when, on account of fresh tumults, he and his adherents were excommunicated, and Rome was threatened with an interdict, unless they expelled the whole party from their walls. This they did. The Arnoldifts retired with their champion into Tuscany, where he was received as a prophet, and honoured as a faint. His enemies, however, prevailed he was made prifoner, and conducted, under a strong efcort, to Rome. In vain was great interest made to fave his life; he was condemned and executed, and his ashes thrown into the Tiber, left the people fhould collect his remains, and venerate them as the relics of a fainted martyr. "Such was Arnold of Brescia, a man, whofe character, whofe principles, and whofe views, we per haps fhould be difpofed to admire, had his life been recorded by unprejudiced hiftorians, and not brought down to us drawn in the blackest colours, which party, bigotted zeal, and enthufiafm could lay on. He was rafh, mif-judging, and intemperate, or never would he have engaged in fo unequal a conteft.-The view of fuch a phenomenon in the twelfth century excites a pleafing admiration. To attack the Roman pontiff and his clergy in the very centre of their power, required a more than common fhare of fortitude; to adopt a fettled fcheme of restoring to its priftine glory the republic of Rome, demanded a ftretch of thought, comprehenfive and enterprifing; and to forego the eafe and indulgence of a diffipated age, for the reformation of manners and the fuppreffion of what he thought ufurped dominion, argued a character of mind, ditinterested, generous, and benevolent. But Arnold, like other reformers, went too far; and pasfion foon vitiated undertakings, which were begun perhaps with motives the most laudable.-The readiness, with which the Roman people embraced this plan of lowering the jurifdiction of the pontiff, and reftraining it within thofe bounds, which the true spirit of christianity had fixed, at once fhews, that they could reafon justly, and that they confidered the unbounded fway of the triple crown, to which reluctantly they fubmitted, as an affumed prerogative, to which violence or mifconftruction, and not chriftian right had given efficacy." СНАР CHARACTER of M. TURGOT. [From the Life of that Gentleman, written by the Marquis of Condorcet.] 66 Th Ohave defcribed the opinions and the principles of M. Turgot, is to have painted his character. Ifwe feldom find the character and conduct of men conformable to their principles, it is becaufe they feldom poffefs the principles which from hypocrify or vanity they affect to poffefs; or it is becaufe their principles are prej dices which they have imbibed, and not truths whofe proofs they have felt; and that their reafon has no fhare in them. M. Turgot, on the contrary, had adopted no principle without analyzing it, and without an intimate perfuation of its truth: all his fentiments were confequences of his opinions, and all his actions directed by reafon. This explains to us wherefore he was fo fevere refpecting his own moral conduct, and yet fo indulgent to the faults of others, whom he often thought lefs culpable than our prefent focial inftitutions and wherefore it was that of all the crimes of humanity, the abufe of power and the contempt of truth, excited his ftrongest indignation; (for he confidered the knowledge of truth as the foundation of happiness, and the fentiment of benevolence as the fountain of every other virtue :) and wherefore, laftly, he held the diffufion of knowledge by means of good productions, as one of the most important fervices that could be conferred upon fociety; and could never forgive those who by reftrictions upon the liberty of writing injured the progrefs of knowledge, nor thofe who defended in their works fentiinents which they could not be lieve. Impoftors, whatever habit and mask they wore, excited in him an averfion mixed with difgust; because in his eyes to deceive men, and to do them a real injury, was the fame thing.-This ftrong conviction of mind, when united to courage, produces ftrength of character; and we feel how rare a phenomenon it must be. M. Turgot poffeffed it, and could not help defpifing the man who poffeffed it not. Indulgent towards thofe who gave way, or who furrendered themfelves entirely to their difpofition for pleasure, he was inexorable when they mixed religious practices with fuch gratifications; becaufe this mixture is a proof either of a fhameful pufillanimity, or a criminal hypocrify.-His hatred of the wicked was open and irreconcileable: and he even pretended that honeft men only were ever inexorable; for that knaves knew how to injure and to revenge, but not how to hate.--Satire, if it were true, and had vice and public crimes only for its object, appeared to him a juit weapon. He believed that a min might be permitted to conceal his name, for it was not neceffary, for a mere difplay of courage, that an honest man fhould expofe himfelf to unjust oppreffion; and [thus] the most virtuous man that perhaps ever exifled wrote fatirical verfes. "As he could not diffemble his hatred of the wicked, and his contempt for cowardice and meannefs, the fe fentiments involuntarily painted themfelves upon his face, his looks, and upon his whole countenance. This defect in the command of his outward deportment, refulting from the candour of his foul, contributed as much as his confined education to the timidity the eyes of those who could look at and embarraffment that he carried it a fpectacle equally delightful and with him into the world. To fuch fublime. a degree did they extend, that he permitted falle arguments, and fometimes, though very feldom, bad principles to be advanced in his company, without oppofition, and without advancing a word in favour of truth but he could never filence the features of his face.-As this hatred of the vicious was a confequence of his love of human nature, it never infpired in him injuice or vengeance. It influenced not even his judgments. He praifed his most inveterate enemy, if he did any thing deferving of praife, and defended him against any unjuft imputation, allowing him the merit or the good qualities that he really poffefled; but he did not think himielf obliged, in order to obtain the reputation of a great foul, to betray the truth, nor to fpare vice because himself had been the victim of it. "His difinterestedness was fuch might be expected from frict juftice, an exact eftimation of the advantages of wealth, and a true fuperiority of mind. The difintereft ednefs which is allied to vanity, and of which men are defirous of making a merit, excited his compaffion or his contempt.-Poffeffing the virtue of humanity in its higheit perfection, he excrcifed it with all the delicacy, and I dare affert with all the refinement, of which it is fufceptible. It was his duty to be beneficent, but he was fo with out oflentation; and he confidered this virtue as a weaknefs, unless by fubjecting it to reafon it was made ferviceable to the general utility.All his fentiments were pure; all his first impulfes were mild or courageous; and his calm foul, replete with candour and juftice, offered to "The conftant agreement between his principles and his conduct, his fentiments and his reafon; the union of fted aft juftice with the fweetest humanity, of the most rigorous virtues with the molt ami. able qualities, of fenfibility with firmnefs of character, of justnefs with fubtlety of thought, of method in reafoning with boldnefs of ideas, of refined analyfis with extenfive views, of depth with accuracy of detail; the uncommon merit of having embraced every thing in his knowledge, and the more uncommon merit still of having introduced into the mighty whole fo much clearnefs and truth; an immoveable conftancy in his opinions, without ever exaggerating them; all these qualities, form an affemblage that is perhaps peculiar in the history of man, ad which could not have been exhibited but in a peaceable and cultivated nation, and in an enlightened age. Many individuals have practifed great virtues with more eclat, have poffeffed more brilliant qualities, and difcovered in a fingle line more genius; but no man perhaps ever difplayed a whole fo perfect and fo impoling. It feems as if his wifdom and his ftrength of mind, by feconding the happy gifts of nature, had made him not fufceptible of any ignorance, weakness, or defect, but what are infeparable from the ftate of a limited being. "It is in this extraordinary union that we fhould look both for the fource of the little juftice that was done to him, and of the hatred that was excited against him. Envy feems to attach itself more closely to that which approaches to perfection, than to that which, though it Atrikes frikes with aftonishment, affords, by a mixture of defects and vices, that confolation of which envy ftands in need. We may hope to dazzle the eyes of men and obtain the title of a man of genius, by combating or by flattering popular prejudices with addrefs, and we may hope to cover our actions with the mask of fome exaggerated virtue; but the conftant practice of virtue that is fimple and unoftentatious, with a reafon always upon the ftretch, and always fteady in the road of truth; this is what hypocrify, this is what impofture defpair of imitating; and is therefore what they endeavour to stifle and deftroy. To judge properly of M. Turgot, it is neceffary to know his whole character. He might have been thought cold, and yet his reafon only had preferved him from being very paffionate. He was efteemed difdainful, whereas never did man feel a more profound efteem for talents and virtue, or fet a high er price upon the efforts of mediocrity, when modeft, and ufefully employed. He appeared minute; but it was only because he had included every thing in one vaft plan, and connected whatever appeared of importance in his eyes by ties that often were invifible to all but himself. He feemed fufceptible of prejudice; but it was only because he judged for himself, and because the common opinion had no power over him. He was believed proud; but it was only becaufe he conceal ed neither the confcioufnefs of his powers, nor the firm conviction of his opinions; and becaufe, feeling how clofely they were connected with each other, he would neither abandon them in converfation, nor defend feparately any detached part. The particulars of his opinions were indeed not known, and few perfons in Europe were ripe for doing justice to them as a fyftem; and as the cafe could not be compared to that of detached difcoveries in a fingle fcience, or literary works in actual poffeffion of the public, how could perfons under the influence of prejudices judge of him with fairness? "It was by the fe circumftances that a man who never did any thing but what was good, might happen to have many enemies; while his reputation as a virtuous and intrepid citizen, and as one poffeffed of understanding and extenfive knowledge, correfponded among the vulgar to their idea of one of the most extraordinary men that nature ever produced, and of one perhaps who fell the leaft fhort of that perfection to which human nature can be raifed." PARTICULARS of the LIFE of Dr. JOHN JEBB. [Extracted from Dr. DISNEY'S Memoirs of his Life, prefixed to the Edition of his Works.] "JOHN Jebb, the fubject of these OHN Jebb, the fubject of thefe memoirs, was born in Southampton-street, Covent-Garden, London, on the 16th of February, 1736, N. S. He was the eldest fon of the rev. John Jebb, (who was the youngest fon of Mr. Samuel Jebb, formerly of Mansfield, in Nottinghamfhire) dean of Cafhell in the kingdom of Ireland, and of Anne, daugh |