II. The Munich Plan. • In Munich trade teachers are trained in a different way. Every year, as the need arises, the Director of Education issues a notice that first-class men engaged in trade are wanted for the different branches of wood and metal work. As soon as the applications are received, the credentials are inspected and a list is made of candidates who are deemed suitable. These are then examined. The test includes the execution of a piece of practical work, the drawing of plans of that work, an estimate of the expense entailed, and a written description of the steps involved. If the candidate passes, he is required to practice for six months, without pay, in the workshops of instruction provided for the purpose. In the second half year of practice he receives seventyfive cents a day. In the meantime he also attends a course of lectures on the theory of education, on technology, on tool and machine construction. At the end of the year he is examined again on the same subjects he had in the first test, plus the lectures heard during the year. Besides, he is required to prove his teaching ability before a class of pupils. If he passes this ordeal, he becomes a trade teacher at $535 a year.

III. The Wurttemberg Plan. The vocational schools of this Kingdom are probably the most efficient in the world. They fall into four general groups: (1) the machine trades; (2) the building trades; (3) the industrial arts; (4) the commercial group. In the smaller places a teacher must be skilled in the leading industry of the place, and must know something of other branches of trade. Only in the largest schools is it possible to employ teachers who can qualify in only one of the four groups of industries.

Teachers of the building trades are at present sent to Karlsruhe in Baden to be trained. This school has the reputation of being the best of its kind in Germany. Here the student takes a course of three and a half years. The applicants are selected from the experienced and efficient elementary and secondary teachers, who already possess thorough pedagogical training. They have been passed through at least six years of a secondary school and so are well grounded in cultural studies. Wurttemberg grants them an allowance of $240 per year while they are at Karlsruhe. After completing the course they must spend from six months to a year in actual shop practice in the industries.

Teachers of the commercial continuation schools

of Wurttemberg are sent for special courses to excellent training schools maintained in Leipzig, Mannheim, Cologne, and Berlin. Candidates for this training are likewise selected from the elementary and secondary schools.

Similar provision is made for training teachers of industrial arts. These are usually sent to schools in

Stuttgart or Munich.

IV. The Baden Plan. - The Grand Duchy of Baden was one of the earliest European States to inaugurate a system of vocational education, and it has to-day the best trained vocational teachers in the world. Its famous school at Karlsruhe for the training of vocational teachers was founded in 1878. It has courses for commercial teachers, industrial teachers, and the building trades. The thoroughness of the instruction may be inferred from the few following details of the requirements:

To be admitted to the commercial department the student must be (1) a citizen of Baden; (2) must have passed at least through the seventh year of a secondary school or possess a license as elementary school teacher; (3) must have had a year of actual mercantile experience, if a teacher, or two years of such experience, if he has merely completed the

seventh secondary school year. The instruction covers these twelve subjects: (1) German composition; (2) German business correspondence; (3) commercial mathematics; (4) bookkeeping; (5) foreign languages; (6) stenography; (7) typewriting; (8) general economic geography; (9) political economy and science of finance; (10) legal principles; (11) history of commerce; (12) lectures on teaching and theory of method.

For admission to the industrial division of the Karlsruhe school the applicant must be (1) a citizen of Baden; (2) must have passed through the seventh year of a secondary school or possess a license to teach in an elementary school; (3) must have attended the first three classes of the Building Trades School in Karlsruhe. The examination is divided into a preliminary and principal test. The preliminary includes (1) teaching ability; (2) German composition; (3) mathematics; (4) descriptive geometry; (5) physics; (6) chemistry; (7) elements of mechanics; (8) free-hand drawing and painting.

The principal examination covers the following:For the building trades: (1) Theory and design of building construction in stone, wood, and iron; (2) elements of the theory of mechanics.