T among the countries with which it holds friendly relations, and Mr. Hay, Sec. of State, to Mr. Vicuna, Chilean min., No. 40, Jan. 3, 1901, See, to the same effect, Mr. Hay, Sec. of State, to Mr. Guachalla, Bolivian min., Dec. 11, 1900, MS. Notes to Bolivia, I. 208. § 975. (1) Objections based on public policy. § 974. III. CONDITIONS OF INTERVENTION. 1. Citizenship, as a rule, essential. § 979. 3. Naturalization not retroactive. § 981. § 978. 2. Declaration of intention insufficient. § 980. 4. Right of interposition not assignable. § 982. § 983. (1) Interposition in behalf of the corporation. § 984. IV. GROUNDS OF INTERVENTION. 1. Denial of justice. § 986. 2. Local remedies must, as a rule, be exhausted. 3. Local remedies need not be exhausted. (1) Where justice is wanting. § 988. § 987. (2) Where they have been superseded. § 989. (3) Where they are insufficient. § 990. 4. Unjust judgments not internationally binding. § 991. 5. Unjust discriminations. § 992. 6. Claims to land. (1) Titles exclusively determinable by lex rei sitæ. $993. 7. Contract claims. (1) Not as a rule officially presented. $ 995. (2) Exception where diplomacy is the only method of redress. § 996. (3) Confiscatory breaches of contract. § 997. V. ACTS OF AUTHORITIES. 1. Who may be considered as authorities." § 998. (1) Within scope of agency. § 999. (3) Exaction of redress for outrages. § 1001. 605 V. ACTS OF AUTHORITIES-Continued. 3. Judicial authorities. § 1002. 5. Tariff changes. § 1004. 6. Debasement of the currency. § 1005. 7. Patents and inventions. § 1006. 8. "Unclaimed estates" claims. § 1007. 9. Liability for torts of public ships. § 1008. 10. Acts of soldiers. § 1009. VI. ARREST AND IMPRISONMENT. 1. Indemnity not demanded where proceedings are regular. § 1010. 2. Reparation for false or irregular arrest. § 1011. 3. Wrongful arrest, and maltreatment. § 1012. 6. Detention of witnesses. 7. Martial law. § 1016. § 1015. 8. Protocol with Spain, 1877. § 1017. VII. EXPULSION. § 1018. VIII. ACTS OF PRIVATE PERSONS. 1. Governments as a rule not liable. § 1019. 2. Liability may result from negligence. § 1020. IX. MOB VIOLENCE. § 1014 § 1023. § 1024. 1. Destruction of French privateers, 1811. $ 1022. lah, La., 1899; Erwin, Miss., 1901. 6. Case of Bain, and other cases. § 1027. 7. Case of Don Pacifico. § 1028. 8. Case of U. S. S. Baltimore, and other cases. § 1029. § 1025. § 1026. Baltimore case; case of Alfonso XII.; Caroline Islands case. 9. Cases in Turkey. § 1030. 10. Killing of rioters by authorities. X. CLAIMS BASED ON WAR. § 1031. 1. Indemnity not usually allowed on account of operations of war. § 1032. 2. Nor seizing resources of the enemy. § 1033. 3. Compensation for property taken for belligerent use. 4. Claims for embargoes. § 1035. 5. Forced loans. § 1036. 6. Damages for wanton or unlawful acts. 7. Question of reconcentration. § 1038. § 1037. 8. Question as to compensation for cable cutting. § 1039. XI. BOMBARDMENTS. 1. Greytown. § 1040. $ 1034. 2. Denials of liability. § 1045. 3. Assertions of liability; grants of compensation. 5. Payment of duties to insurgents. § 1048. XIII. NEUTRAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES. 1. Violation of neutral rights. § 1049. 2. Failure to perform neutral duties. § 1050. § 1046. § 1047. § 1054. A citizen of one nation, wronged by the conduct of another nation, must seek redress through his own government. His government must assume the responsibility of presenting his claim, or it need not be considered. United States v. Diekelman, 92 U. S. 520. The claim of an alien, when presented to the Department of State, must come through the diplomatic representative of the country to which he belongs. Mr. Seward, Sec. of State, to Mr. Fentenheim, Sept. 23, 1868, 79 MS. Dom. Let. 348; Mr. Fish, Sec. of State, to Messrs. Coudert Bros., April 21, 1869, 81 MS. Dom. Let. 5; Mr. Frelinghuysen, Sec. of State, to Mr. Sypher. April 3, 1883, 146 MS. Dom. Let. 326; Mr. Frelinghuysen, Sec. of State, to Mr. Hildrup, July 2, 1884, 151 MS. Dom. Let. 559. "In reply to your telegram stating that claims are presented by French citizens and other aliens through Congress to the Committee on War Claims, I have to remark that such presentation is entirely inconsistent with usage, which requires that aliens must address this Government only through the diplomatic representatives of their own governments. "This Department refuses to entertain applications or to receive claims from aliens except through a responsible presentation by the regularly accredited representative of their government. "I have also been under the impression that Congress refused to receive petitions or claims from aliens. Such I am advised was at one time the rule of the House of Representatives, and such is the rule at present in the Senate, as I am informed. The propriety of the refusal to allow an alien to intrude his claims upon Congress can not be questioned." Mr. Fish, Sec. of State, to Mr. Lawrence, M. C., April 22, 1874, Magoon's Aliens asserting claims for unliquidated damages against the United States must present them to the Department of State through the diplomatic channel, Congress having adopted in 1874 the rule that it would not consider alien claims unless presented through that Department. Mr. Magoon, law officer, division of insular affairs, War Dept., Feb. 6, 1901, Magoon's Repts. 338, citing Report No. 498, Committee on War Claims, May 2, 1874, 43 Cong. 1 sess. The Italian minister having enclosed to the Department of State certain papers relating to a claim which it was said an Italian subject. desired to bring against the United States, the Department of State said: "The weight of your high commendation of the claim is most cheerfully recognized; yet, in view of the practice of the Department, I shall necessarily be constrained to defer its consideration, until presented in the name of His Majesty's Government, as is usual in the case of international claims, and now enclose the papers to your address accordingly." Mr. Frelinghuysen, Sec. of State, to Baron de Fava, June 21, 1884, MS. In a subsequent communication, the Department of State explained that |