The various papers and addresses on political and economical subjects are vigorous and clear-headed. The last paper of the volume on "Economics and Politics" was written when its author was in his eighty-fifth year; it is a fragmentary article on the Tariff (now first published). We recommend its perusal as especially interesting-coming, as it does, from a manufacturer of Rhode Island. "It did not require," say Mr. Hazard (p. 391), "the results of actual experiment to warn us that a central power of taxation by duties on imports covering an extensive territory, the habits and pursuits in different portions of which materially vary the relative consumption of the articles imported, would even if restricted to the one object of defraying the legitimate expenses of the general government, be liable to great abuse and be a constant source of anxiety and suspicion. But embracing in this power the power of taxation for the purpose of protecting special industries with diverse sectional interests, must certainly open the way to an increase of those abuses to which there would be no visible limit. No wonder that thoughtful and intelligent men with clear vision of the possibilities of such an addition to the taxing power should be alarmed, or that the less intelligent should be excited."

The "philosophical writings" of Mr. Hazard are here all collected in two of the four volumes, and are almost exclusively upon the one subject of causation and freedom of mind in willing. They have a separate introductory essay by Professor Fisher. Of these, one volume is the well-known treatise written in refutation of Edwards; the other contains letters to John Stuart Mill, and to Dr. F. Wharton; and also various discourses and papers. The candor and ability of these productions were recognized by his opponents, and among them all by none more cordially than by Mr. Mill himself. The latter, in a letter bearing date of May 18, 1870, speaks of the book as doing "honor to American thought."

The manner of discussing the question of freedom and causation in willing has changed since the days of Edwards, and even since the time when Mr. Hazard and Mr. Mill-two contestants equally fair and equally fond of detailed and exhaustive argumentation-were exchanging correspondence concerning the merits of both sides. Both sides and the same mystery of apparent sepa ration remain. Progress has taken place, however, in the better understanding of the truth that each side holds, and in the fixing

of the lines to be drawn about the problem, to the exclusion from its explanation of what must be acknowledged as in its very nature inexplicable.

We wish success of widening circulation to these volumes. We wish even more, that the nation might possess more manufacturers and other business men, who should hold with their author, that the only true life is "intellectual and spiritual life."

LOGIC.*-We are here presented with one of the most extended and valuable of the many works on this subject, which have proceeded from Oxford, during the last several years. As the editor in their English form of Lotze's larger and technical works on philosophy, it is but fitting that Mr. Bosanquet should be under obligations to the German thinker. These obligations he acknowledges in the preface by saying that "but for his (Lotze's) great work on Logic the larger part of what I have written would never have come into my head." Yet after this and other recognition to predecessors in the same field (to Sigwart, and Jevons, and Bradley, and Stuart Mill-with a bare mention, especially, of Hegel also), the author establishes a claim to independence and to a larger than the ordinary amount of originality.

The leading and underlying principle of the book is the conception of thought as a living development. In the study of thought, then, we are dealing not with fixed forms, but with processes of perpetual mental unfolding. Mr. Bosanquet tells us that the first germs of unprejudiced interest in the subject were planted in his mind by "a comparison between the study and analysis of judgment-forms and the study and analysis of the forms of flowers or plants."

Readers of works on logic will miss in this book the customary separate part, treating at length of conception and concepts. There are only two Parts to this work,-the one of "The Judgment," and the other of "Inference." What is most directly said of the mental process and product, ordinarily called "conception," is placed in the Introduction. Instead of divisions and classifications and symbols, creating the impression that somehow there exist in, or can be brought into, the mind a peculiar class of mental entities which, as then and there existent, have marks and content and extent, etc., the emphasis is laid upon the evolution

*Logic, or The Morphology of Knowledge. By BERNARD BOSANQUET, M.A. 2 vols. New York and London. Macmillan & Co. 1888.

of judgment. "We have then judgment or some analogous operation of consciousness, from the first; and in naming and all subsequent operations we certainly have judgment." "Judgment may contain complex ideas, but every Judgment qua Judgment exhibits the content of a single idea. Ideas and impressions are not found lying apart as words lie on a page, although, by a reflective abstraction, we can regard them as so lying apart, and when thus regarded they form the world of meanings or of objective references-the identities symbolized by logical ideas."

In this form of treating the concept we consider the author justified. Psychology recognizes no really existing and living processes corresponding to the petrified entities that formal logic. has been wont to treat under the term "conception." We wish, however, that Mr. Bosanquet had presented more in detail the nature of those living ideation processes, accompanied by the unfolding of judgments as supported by unuttered language, in which the so-called "general notion" has its only real existence.

We have not space even to mention any of the many other interesting points for consideration and criticism which this book affords. It is not a book for beginners; it is not exactly a textbook for advanced pupils, or a hand-book for studious inquirers. But it is certainly a very suggestive and interesting treatise for those maturer minds, who, being disturbed or perhaps disgusted by the uncouthness and foreign character of the descriptions given of their mental processes by the ordinary writings on logic, wish to get some increase of insight into what really goes on in their own minds as they judge and infer the truth of things.

VICTOR COUSIN.*-This biographical sketch has several features of more than ordinary interest. Its subject was not simply illustrious in his time, but had enough of the romantic in his origin, his career, and the setting in the midst of which his career was run, to give his story a certain interest for all time. The author of the sketch is also illustrious. In speaking of M. Cousin, Jules Simon says: "He immortalized his name by great services and brilliant works; but those who did not live in his time cannot imagine what a noise he made in the world while here."

Victor Cousin was very far from being a great philosopher. The times and land in which he lived were such as almost, if not

* Victor Cousin. By JULES SIMON. Translated by Melville B. and Edward Playfair Anderson. Chicago. A. C. McClurg & Co. 1888.

quite, to make such a character impossible. But he stirred a a great interest in philosophy, and was in many ways an important and valuable person for the France of his day. His family were poor working people; and his biographer declares him to have been "bred in the gutter" up to the age of ten. It was by taking the part of her boy, maltreated by a mob of other boys, that this street urchin of eleven came to the notice of Madame Viguier, who paid his expenses, thereupon, in the Charlemagne Lyceum.

M. Simon has told the story of Victor Cousin's life in a very entertaining manner; from a privileged point of view, as it were; and has made it luminous in the light of its time. He has, moreover, in one chapter given a clear and intelligent resumé of the philosophical tenets of Cousin. The result is a spicy, and yet, on the whole, a trustworthy estimate of the personality and work of this rather prominent but by no means profound thinker.

MASKS OR FACES ?*-A very clever and instructive examination is here undertaken with a view to answer the question raised in Diderot's paradox. This paradox maintains that real sensibility is a hindrance rather than a help to the studied simulation which is the actor's part. By ransacking the memoirs and correspondence of great actors no longer living, and by inquiry of those now most celebrated in this art, the author tests the conclusions of Diderot. He finds, to the confusion of the paradox, that tears of emotion have been shed on the stage by some two score of the most successful "simulators" of grief; that a smaller proportion of those who play comedy will indulge in genuine laughter; that signs of feeling "beyond the control of will-blushing, pallor, and prespiration-commonly, and even habitually, accompany the stage emotion of the greatest artists;" and that spontaneous outbursts of passion expressed in unexpected ways are frequently most effective. To those interested in the psychology of acting, as studied from whatever points of view, the induction will be very helpful and attractive.

PICTURE LOGIC.t-By combining humorous pictures with homely or comic examples, the author aims to give to the Oxford or * Masks or Faces? A study in the Psychology of Acting. By WILLIAM ARCHER. London and New York. Longmans, Green & Co., 1888.

+ Picture Logic. An attempt to popularize the Science of Reasoning by the combination of humorous Pictures with examples of Reasoning taken from daily Life. By ALFRED JAMES SWINBURNE, B.A. London and New York. Longmans, Green & Co., 1887.

Cambridge student, who has to "pass" in Logic, some lively comprehension of what this mystical science and yet more mystical art is all about. Much shrewd sense is mingled with the facetiousness. We do not see why poor students might not make very profitable use of the books to lighten their "cram," and good ones to brighten a leisure hour or two while refreshing their memories.

FOSTER'S TRANSLATION OF GROTIUS ON THE SATISFACTION OF CHRIST✶ serves a useful purpose for students of theology in placing before them a discussion of the Atonement which has profoundly influenced theological thought and which takes rank as a classic on that great theme. Grotius' treatise contains an interpretation of redemption in terms of jurisprudence, as Anselm's had done in terms of payment or compensation. These modes of thought doubtless supply useful elements for the doctrine of atonement, but, when made the exclusive mode of treatment, they fail more and more to satisfy thoughtful minds, of varying schools, who seek to ground the work of atonement rather in the moral nature of God and the eternal principles of his righteousness and love, than in exigencies of government. But, whatever may be thought of the merits of the governmental theory, it is certainly most desirable to have this theory as elaborated by its author, available in a hand-book with carefully prepared notes, scripture references, index, and a learned introduction such as Dr. Foster has supplied. Some scholar would do a good service to theology who should publish in a similar form the treatise of Anselm, Cur Deus Homo.

"MEN OF THE BIBLE" SERIES.t-The careful reading of Canon Driver's monograph on Isaiah in this series led us to expect a marked interest and value in the successive volumes, and in this we have not been disappointed. These little books are at once popular, in the sense of placing the results of research and criticism before the reader in an interesting form, and scholarly in the

* A Defense of the Catholic Doctrine concerning the Satisfaction of Christ against Faustus Socinus, by HUGO GROTIUS. Translated, with Notes and an Historical Introduction by FRANK H. FOSTER, Ph.D., Professor in the Theological Seminary at Oberlin, O. Andover, W. F. Draper, 1889. Pp. 314.

+ Jesus Christ, the Divine Man, His Life and Times. By J. F. VALLINGS, M.A. Pp. 226.-Daniel, His Life and Times. By H. DEANE, B.D. Pp. 203. Jeremiah, His Life and Times. By Rev. T. K. CHEYNE, D.D. Pp. 205.-Anson D. F. Randolph & Co., New York. 1889. $1.00 each.