1689.- Perrot took possession of the St. Croix, St. Peter, and Upper Mississippi in the name of the French king.

1693.-Pierre La Sueur was sent by the authorities of New France, at Quebec, to restore the French prestige in the west, which had been much weakened by the intrigues of the Dutch-English traders from Albany on the Hudson. He built a stockaded fort at La Point, on the Chequamegon Bay, another at Red Wing, Minnesota, which became the center of western commerce. He was governor for several years. He also worked the Perrot lead mines.

1699.- Returning from France, which he had visited, Perrot brought with him thirty experienced miners, and on his voyage up the Mississippi found lead mines on or near the sites of Dubuque and Galena, and at the "Smoke Diggings," near Potosi, Wisconsin.

1699.-In October, Pere St. Cosmes, a missionary from Quebec, found the Fox Indians opposed to his passing up the Fox river route to the Mississippi, and went south up the west shore of the lake. He stopped, as is supposed, at the present site of Sheboygan, where another missionary, Father Marest had wintered and planted a cross. 1700.-Father St. Cosmes visited Milwaukee Bay, finding there many Mascoutins, Foxes, Pottawattomies, etc. He calls the Milwaukee river the "Milwarick." Lead mines discovered in southwest Wisconsin by La Sueur.

Wars With the Fox or Outagamie Indians. 1706-1734.- The Fox Indians having grown quite insolent and obstructive of the passage of the great water-way from the Green Bay to the Mississippi, demanded tribute of all traders and voyagers. It is related, though on questionable authority, that Perriere Marin, a bold French captain, was sent to punish them. At the head of a large party of soldiers, half-breeds and coureur du bois, he ascended the frozen surface of the Fox river, surprised the enemy at Winnebago Rapids and slew many hundreds of them, where Neenah now stands.

1711.- The Illinois country and all Wisconsin placed in command of Governor-general Dirau d'Arlaguette, with headquarters at the site of Mobile (Ala).

1712.- The Fox or Outagamies made a desperate attempt to destroy Detroit, but were thwarted and themselves severely punished. Full of hate they robbed and butchered all travelers. De Louvigny, the King's lieutenant at Quebec, was sent at the head of 800 men to destroy them.

1716.- Leaving Quebec, March 14, 1716, he appeared before the Indian village, at the Little Butte des Mortes, 37 miles above Green Bay, surrounded their fort, which was heavily palisaded, laid siege to it and approached it by trenches. He set about mining and blowing up the work when the Indians sued for peace. It was granted upon severe conditions which the Indians promised to faithfully perform. But they were faithless, savage, untamable, and persistent in their ferocity.

1718.- Frenchmen known to be at Green Bay.

1719.- Francis Renault, with 200 miners, explores Upper Mississippi.

1718-1721.- Fort St. Frances erected at Green Bay. Father Charlevoi, the historian, visits Green Bay.

1726. The Cardinells settle temporarily at Prairie du Chien. The French make a treaty with the Foxes, Sacs and Winnebagoes, to open the Fox-Wisconsin water-way. 1727.-- A French trading fort, called Fort Beauharnais, established at Lake Pepin, with Sieur de La Perriere in command.

1728.-Sieur Marchand de Lignery was sent against them with 400 Frenchmen, and reached the fort at the mouth of the Fox river, August 17th. Informed of the approach of this party the Indians fled, destroying their villages, corn, and other growing crops. He returned, much chagrined and censured for the failure of the expedition, destroying Fort St. Francis at Green Bay.

1729. -A party of over 200 Indians fell by surprise upon a large band of Foxes, killed 77 men and some 300 women and children.

1730. — Sieur Perriere Marin was, according to some accounts, the next leader to pun. ish the Foxes. He had a trading post on the Wisconsin near what is now Wyalusing, Grant county, and carried on an extensive trade. He resolved to punish the Foxes, who were still insolent. Raising a force of volunteers at Mackinaw and some friendly Indians at Green Bay, he advanced up the river. At Grand Chute he divided the party, sending one band around to attack the village in the rear. The rest continued up stream in boats, the men concealed under large oil-cloth tarpaulins such as traders used to cover their goods, each boat exposing only two oarsmen. Some 1,500 Foxes awaited their coming, eager to plunder the party. At a signal the coverings were thrown off, a volley poured into the crowd of Indians, and the carnage increased by a swivel gun in one of the boats,

loaded with canister. Tradition tells that over 1,000 Foxes were slain. Fleeing to their villages they found their dwellings in flames, which had been set by the flanking party. They ran to the forest, and there were beset by the other portion of Marin's command. They fought with the frenzy of despair; but only a remnant was left of the tribe The survivors fled and located at a place where Wauzeka now stands on the lower Wisconsin. Later in the year De Villiers punishes the same tribe. Not long afterwards (1746) Marin fell upon them again, killed and captured them in that village, compelling the surviv ors to go beyond the Mississippi. A few years later, the Sacs, who were living in villages near the present site of Green Bay, committed some outrages, and Charles de Langlade, afterwards the first white settler in Wisconsin, led a party of soldiers and habitans from Green Bay, attacked the Sacs in their village, and after a desperate battle drove them away. They fled up the river and settled on the plateau where now flourish the villages of Sauk City and Prairie du Sac. Overpowered by the whites and beset by other Indian foes, the Sacs and Foxes or Outagamies, united the remnants of their tribes.

Missions and Trading Posts.-1735.--Saint Pierriere in command of the fort at Lake Pepin, called Fort Beauharnais.

1737.- On hearing from La Pointe of the murder of French explorers at the Lake of the Woods, Saint Pierriere evacuates the fort.

1742.- Presents distributed by the French among the Sacs and Foxes.

1749.- The younger Marin stationed at La Pointe.

1752.- He was at Lake Pepin.

1754.-Marin in commard at Green Bay, makes peace with the Wisconsin Indians. The Menomonees, Foxes, Sacs, Winnebagoes, Pottawattomies, Ottowas, Chippewas and Sioux are engaged to attack the English colonies on the western borders of Pennsylvania. 1755.-Langlade, with Wisconsin Indians, led the onslaught upon Braddock's army, July 9th. Later he was at Fort George, and fought against Wolfe on the plains of Abraham, with his braves from Wisconsin.

1758.-Eleven Frenchmen killed at Green Bay by Menomonees, who pillage a store

house.

1760.-The French dominions seized by the English. Alexander Henry visited Mil

waukee.

1761. Capt. Belfour of the British army came with troops to Green Bay, took possession of the fort, naming it Fort Edward. He left here Lieut. James Gorrell of the Sixtieth, or Royal American regiment, with a sergeant, corporal and fifteen privates who spent a wretched winter in the old fort. In the spring, Gorrell made treaties with the bands who came in.

1763.- Gorrell and his force abandon Green Bay. Pontiac's conspiracy led to a confederation of Miamis, Ottawas, Chippewas, Wyandottes, Pottawattomies, Missisaguas, Shawanoes, Outagamies and Winnebagoes. They organized and burst upon the English posts, eight of which were captured. After the massacre of a large part of the garrison at Michillimackinac, a friendly band of Indians escorted Gorrell and his party from Green Bay to L'Arbre Croche, where they sent the remnants of the garrison, that had been spared in the Michillimackinac slaughter.

1763. The territories of New France, including Wisconsin, ceded by the French to the English. Traders' posts established at Milwaukee.

1766.-The Langlades had settled with other white settlers at Green Bay.

This year Capt. Jonathan Carver, a medical student and officer of Massachusetts militia. visited Green Bay. He was searching for a northwest passage to the Pacific ocean, and passed over the Fox-Wisconsin route, wintering with the Sioux on the plains. Disappointed in his search he returns next year by way of Lake Superior.

1774.- A civil government established over the northwest and Canadas by the "Quebec

act."

1777.- Indians under Charles de Langlade and Gauthier join the British against the colonies in the Revolutionary war. But they do not appear to have fought in any of the battles.

1779.- Capt. Robertson of the British sloop "Felicity " made a voyage of reconnais sance around Lake Michigan, inducing traders and Indians to support the English.

1781.-Lieut. -Gov. Patrick Sinclair, of Canada, purchased Green Bay, Prairie du Chien, etc., from the Indians. His purchase was not confirmed. The settlement of Prairie du Chien commenced by Bazil Giard, Augustin Ange and Pierre Antaya.

1786.- Julian Dubuque explored the lead regions of the Upper Mississippi and opened lead mines in both Wisconsin and Iowa.

1787.-Wisconsin, with the territory northwest of the Ohio, placed under a government, by the "Ordinance of 1737, and the action of the President thereupon."

1788.-An Indian council at Green Bay. Permission given to Dubuque to work the lead mines on a large scale.

1789.- Jean Baptiste Mirandeau said to have settled at Milwaukee.

1793.- Lawrence Barth built a cabin at the portage of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers and engaged in the carrying trade.

1795.-Jacques Vieau, agent of the Northwest Company, established trading posts at Kewaunee, Sheboygan, Manitowoc and Milwaukee.

1796.- The western parts surrendered by the British to the United States, and the Or. dinance of 1787 extended over all the northwest.

1800.- Indiana territory organized embracing the territory now comprising Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan and Minnesota east of the Mississippi. Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison is appointed governor.

1804.- Gen. Harrison makes a treaty with the Sacs and Foxes at St. Louis, in which they extinguish their title to parts of the lands in Wisconsin in the southern portion, including the lead region.

1805-Michigan territory organized.

1809.-Thomas Nuttall, the botanist, and John Bradbury, the Scotch naturalist, explored Wisconsin.

John Jacob Astor's party of explorers, under William P. Hunt and Ramsay Crooks, passed Green Bay and Prairie du Chien, en route for the Pacific Ocean. The story of the western part of their journey is told in Irving's "Astoria."

1811.- The Wisconsin Indians to some extent take part in Tecumseh's war.

Wisconsin in the war of 1812.-The Indians assembled at Green Bay to join the English in the "war of 1812." French traders mostly held commissions in the British army.

1814.- An expedition by the British organized at Mackinaw (Michillimackinac) for the capture of the military post at Prairie du Chien, started June 28th, reaching Green Bay six days later, were joined by Louis Grignon, a Creole trader, with 30 habitans of Green Bay, and about 100 Indians, and rowed up the Fox river in grand procession. July 17th they landed at the mouth of the Wisconsin a few miles below Fort Shelby, at Prairie du Chien. The American garrison numbered some 60 or 70 effective men with six pieces of cannon. The fort consisted of a small stockade and two block houses; and a gun boat manned by part of the garrison, and with 14 cannon, lay in the river. The attacking force was about 500 whites and 120 Indians. The British commander, Major McKay, demanded the surrender of the fort. Lieut. Perkins, the American officer in command, declined to surrender. The British artillery opened upon the gun boat. After receiving some 50 or more shots the boat dropped down stream. The fort was then attacked and Perkins, abandoned by the gun boat, was forced to surrender. McKay with difficulty saved the prisoners from massacre by his Indian allies. The American loss was 5 killed and 10 wounded in the boat and 3 in the fort. Soon after Perkins and his men were given back their arms and sent down the river. The name of the fort was then changed from Fort Shelby to Fort McKay. 1815.- After peace, the British commander of the fort offered to turn the post over to the American governor at St. Louis, and (May 24th) hauled down the British flag and proceeded up the Wisconsin, thence to Mackinaw.

1816.- Treaty with Indians confirming that of 1804. Erection of Fort Crawford at Prairie du Chien and Fort Howard, on Green Bay, begun; Major Morgan in command at Prairie du Chien, Col. John Miller at Fort Howard.

1818.- Illinois admitted into the Union. Wisconsin attached to the territory of Michigan. Brown, Crawford and Michillimackinac counties organized in Michigan and embrace the whole of Wisconsin, besides other territory. Solomon Juneau arrived in Milwaukee.

1820 United States Commissioners adjusted land claims in Green Bay. John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company had stations at Green Bay, on the Menomonee, Peshtigo Oconto, and Upper Wolf rivers. Milwaukee the entrepot of trade with the Pottawattomies. Augustin Grignon had a trading shanty at the present site of Kaukauna, for the trade on the Lower Fox. At Prairie du Chien, Joseph Roulette was the chief trader for the Amer. ican Fur Company, his field being on the Mississippi from Dubuque upwards company had stations at La Pointe, and on Lac du Chambeau, Lac Chetac. Rice Lake, The same Tomahawk Lake, Lac Court Oreilles, Namekogan Lake and other points in the Chippewa country. 8