peace re-established should be univer- they yet remain, with Choctaws, Creeks, sal." These Indians were friends of the United States in the War of 1812, and helped to subjugate the Creeks. Civilization took root among them and produced contention, a portion of them wishing to adhere to their former mode of living, while others wished to engage in the industries of civilized life. They were so absolutely divided in sentiment that in 1818 a portion of the nation emigrated to wild land assigned to them west of the Mississippi. The Cherokees, in turn, had ceded large portions of their lands, and their domain was mostly confined to northern Georgia. They were then making rapid progress in civilization; but the Georgians coveted their lands. The Cherokees were yet powerful in numbers, and were then considerably advanced in the arts and customs of civilization. They had churches and schools and a printing-press, issuing a newspaper; and they were disposed to defend their rights against the encroachments of their white neighbors. and others for their neighbors. In 1861, John Ross, the renowned principal chief of the Cherokees, who had led them wisely for almost forty years, took a decided stand against the Confederates. He issued a proclamation (May 17), in which he reminded his people of their treaty obligations with the United States, and urged them to be faithful to them, and to take no part in the stirring events of the day. But he and his loyal associates among the Cherokees and Creeks were overborne by the tide of secession and insurrection, and were swept on, powerless, by the current. The betrayal of the United States troops by General Twiggs into the hands of the Texas authorities left their territory on the side of that State open to invasion. False rumors continually disturbed them. Their neighbors, and the wild tribes on their borders, were rallying to the standard of the Confederates. The National troops in Missouri could not check the rising insurrection there. The chief men of the Cherokees held a mass-meeting at Tahlequah in August, when, with great unanimity, they declared their allegiance to the "Confederate States." Ross still held out, but was finally compelled to yield. At a council held on Aug. 20, he recommended the severance of the connection with the national government. Ross's wife, a young and well-educated woman, still held out; and when an attempt was made to raise a Confederate flag over the council-house, she opposed the act with so much spirit that the Confederates desisted. President Jackson favored the Georgians, and the white people then proceeded to take possession of the lands of the Cherokees. Trouble ensued, and the southern portion of the republic was menaced with civil war for a while. The United States troops had been withdrawn from Georgia, and the national government offered no obstacle to the forcible seizure of the Indian territory by the Georgians. Some missionaries laboring among the Cherokees were arrested and imprisoned for residing in their country contrary to the laws of the State, and for refusing to take an oath of allegiance to Georgia. The Cherokees then numbered between 14,000 and 15,000 east of the Mississippi. The matter in dispute was adjudicated by the Supreme Court of the United States, and on March 30, 1832, that tribunal decided against the claims of the Georgians. The Georgians, still favored by the President, resented this decision. An amicable settlement was finally reached; and, in 1838, under the mild coercion of Maj.-Gen. W. Scott and Cherry Valley, MASSACRE AT. During several thousand troops, the Cherokees a heavy storm of sleet on Nov. 11, 1778, left their beautiful country in Georgia a band of Indians and Tories—the former with sorrow, and went to wild lands as- led by Brant, and the latter by Walter signed them, well towards the eastern N. Butler, son of Col. John Butlerslopes of the Rocky Mountains, where fell upon Cherry Valley, Otsego co., N. Y., II.-H During the Civil War the Cherokees suffered much. The Confederates would not trust Ross, for his Union feelings were very apparent. When, in 1862, they were about to arrest him, he and his family escaped to the North, and resided in Philadelphia for a while. In 1899 there were 32,161 Cherokees at the Union agency, Indian Territory, and 1.351 at the Eastern Cherokee agency, North Carolina. 113 and murdered thirty two of the inhabi- the vice-admiral's commands must be tants, mostly women and children, with obeyed." This insolent announcement was sixteen soldiers of a little garrison there. repeated. The Chesapeake moved on, and Nearly forty men, women, and children the Leopard sent two shots athwart her were carried away captive. Butler was the arch-fiend on this occasion, and would listen to no appeals from Brant for mercy on the innocent and helpless. The captives were led away in the darkness and a cold storm; and when they rested they were huddled together, half naked, with no shelter but the leafless trees, and no resting-place but the wet ground. Chesapeake, the name of a famous United States frigate that will always be memorable because of her interest-absorbing career. In the spring of 1807 a small British squadron lay (as they had lately) in American waters, near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, watching some French frigates blockaded at Annapolis. Three of the crew of one of the British vessels, Melampus, and one of another, Halifax, had deserted, and enlisted on board the Chesapeake, lying at the Washington navy-yard. The British minister made a formal demand for their surrender. The United States government refused compliance, because it was ascertained that two of them (colored) were natives of the United States, and there was strong presumptive evidence that the third one was, likewise. The commodore of the British squadron took the matter into his own hands. The Chesa peake, going to sea on the morning of June 22, 1807, bearing the pennant of Commodore Barron, was intercepted by the British frigate Leopard, whose commander, hailing, informed the commodore that he had a despatch for him. A British boat bearing a lieutenant came alongside the Chesapeake. The officer was politely received by Barron, in his cabin, when the former presented a demand from the captain of the Leopard to allow the bearer to muster the crew of the Chesapeake, that he might select and carry away the alleged deserters. The demand was authorized by instructions received from Vice-Admiral Berkeley, at Halifax. Barron refused compliance, the lieutenant withdrew, and the Chesapeake moved on. The Leopard followed, and her commander called out through his trumpet, "Commodore Barron must be aware that bow. These were followed by the remainder of the broadside, poured into the hull of the Chesapeake. Though Barron, suspecting mischief, had hastily tried to prepare his ship for action, he was unable to return the shots, for his guns had no priming-powder. After being severely injured by repeated broadsides, the Chesapeake struck her colors. The vice-admiral's command was obeyed. The crew of the Chesapeake were mustered by British officers, and the deserters were carried away; one of them, who was a British subject, was hanged at Halifax, and the lives of the Americans were spared only on condition that they should re-enter the British service. This outrage caused fiery indignation throughout the United States. The President issued a proclamation, at the beginning of July, ordering all British armed vessels to leave the waters of the United States, and forbidding any to enter until ample satisfaction should be given. A British envoy extraordinary was sent to Washington to settle the difficulty. Instructed to do nothing until the President's proclamation should be withdrawn, the matter was left open more than four years. In 1811 the British government disavowed the act. Barron, found guilty of neglect of duty in not being prepared for the attack, was suspended from the service for five years, without pay or emolument. While the Hornet, Captain Lawrence, was on her homeward-bound voyage with her large number of prisoners, the Chesapeake was out on a long cruise to the Cape de Verde Islands, and the coast of South America. She accomplished nothing except the capture of four British merchant vessels; and as she entered Boston Harbor, in the spring of 1813, in a gale, her topmast was carried away, and with it several men who were aloft, three of whom were drowned. Among the superstitious sailors she acquired the character of an "unlucky” ship, and they were loath to embark in her. Evans was compelled to leave her on account of the loss of the sight of one of his eyes; and Lawrence, who had been promoted to cap- of the Chesapeake that she became unman Bowes Vere Broke, appeared off Boston Her mizzen rigging was entangled in the Harbor, in the attitude of a challenger. fore-chains of the Shannon, in which posiShe then carried fifty-two guns. He tion the decks of the Chesapeake were wrote to Lawrence, requesting the Chesa- swept with terrible effect by the balls of pcake to meet the Shannon, "ship to her antagonist. Lawrence ordered his ship, to try the fortunes of their respective boarders to be called up. There was some flags." He assured Lawrence that the delay, when a musket-ball mortally woundChesapeake could not leave Boston with ed the gallant young commander, and he out the risk of being "crushed by the su- was carried below. As he left the deck perior force of the British squadron," then he said, "Tell the men to fire faster, and abroad, and proposed that they should not to give up the ship; fight her till she meet in single combat, without the in- sinks." These words of the dying hero terference of other vessels. slightly paraphrased to "Don't give up the ship," became the battle-cry of the Americans, and the formula of an encouraging maxim in morals for those who are struggling in life's contests. Lawrence accepted the challenge, and, with Lieut. Augustus Ludlow as second in command, he sailed out of Boston Harbor to meet the Shannon, at mid-day, June 1, 1813. The same evening, between five and Broke's boarders now swarmed upon the six o'clock, they engaged in a close con- deck of the Chesapeake, and Lieutenant flict. After fighting twelve minutes, the Ludlow, the second in command, was Shannon so injured the spars and rigging mortally wounded by a sabre cut. After |