FOOTNOTES AND REFERENCES 1. See for example: J. Murray Mitchel Jr., "A Reassessment of Atmospheric Pollution as a Cause of Long-Term Changes of Global Temperature," in "The Changing Global Environment," (S. Fred Singer, ed.; D. Riedl Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, 1975 p. 149; Wallace S. Broecker, "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?" Science, August 8, 1975, p. 460; Reid A. Bryson, "A Perspective on Climatic Change," Science, May 17, 1974, p. 753. 2. See for example "U.S. Energy Resources a Review as of 1972," background paper prepared for the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 1974 Serial No. 93-40 (92–75), p. 58. 3. See e.g. the testimony of Robert D. Nininger, Assistant Director for Raw Materials of ERDA, "Oversight Hearings on Nuclear Energy-Part II," June 5, 1975, p. 397. Dr. Nininger estimated total U.S. uranium ore resources as 3.6 million tons of UзOs. (This chemical is 85 percent uranium by weight.) In testimony during the same hearing (pp. 404 ff) Milton F. Searl, Manager of the Energy Supply Studies Program of the utilities' Electric Power Research Institute critiqued the methodology used by ERDA at arriving at this estimate and suggested that U.S. uranium resources would ultimately prove to be between 13.2 and 28.9 million tons of UзO, when exploration was carried out to greater depths and to areas of the country not currently producing uranium. Both authors defined high-grade uranium ore as ore containing uranium at a concentration within a factor of three or four of the grade currently being mined. Ore currently being mined averages about two parts uranium per 1,000 parts ore by weight. 4. Recycle of the plutonium would decrease the uranium requirements by about 16 percent (See e.g. "Report of the Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor Program Review Group," ERDA-1, 1975, Attachment 5, p. 17. Tails assay has been assumed to be 0.2 percent.) Recycle of the uranium in the spent fuel would decrease the uranium requirements by an additional 17 percent. (Calculation based information for a pressurized water reactor given in ERDA-1, Attachment 5, p. 17, the "Standard Table of Enriching Services" "AEC Gaseous Diffusion Plant Operations," ORO-684), 1972, p. 37, and a fuel value penalty of 20 percent for recycled uranium due to its contamination by reactor bred U23 The U penalty was based on the calculations of H. O. Sprague, G.E., "Fuel Cycle Effect of U in Recycled Uranium," paper presented at the 1974 Annual ANS Meeting at Philadelphia.) 5. See for example, Marvin Resnikoff, "Is Reprocessing Cost Justified?" reprinted in the subcommittee's "Oversight Hearings on Nuclear Energy-Part I," May 2, 1975, p. 857 ff. See also the report by ERDA's Fuel Cycle Task Force, "Nuclear Fuel Cycle," (ERDA-33, March, 1975). 6. Based on the summary descriptions of 1,000 MWe plant concepts presented in the "Proposed Final Environmental Statement on the Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor Program" (WASH-1535, 1974) Vol. II, p. 4.2-165 ff. 7. WASH-1535, pp. 4.7-4 ff. 8. See e.g. the testimony of Theodore B. Taylor, "Oversight Hearings on Nuclear Energy-Part I," May 2, 1975, p. 804 ff. 9. See e.g. Mason Willrich and Theodore B. Taylor, "Nuclear Theft: Risks and Safeguards" (Cambridge, Mass., Ballinger, 1964) chapters 3 and 4. 10. ERDA Press Release, July 24, 1975. 11. Electrical World," September 15, 1975. 12. Based upon: (i) an assumed average load factor of 65 percent (approximately half way between the design capacity factors of about 80 percent and the average capacity factors of about 55 percent currently being realized, (ii) an assumed enrichment which leaves 0.3 percent uranium-235 in the depleted "tails," and (iii) the replacement fuel enrichment, thermal conversion efficiency, and burnup assumed in ERDA-1, "Report of the Liquid Metal Fast Breeder ReActor Program Review Group," Attachment 5, p. 17, 1975. 13. An anticipated shortage of uranium enrichment capacity resulted for a period in ERDA raising content of uranium-235 left in the enrichment "tails" from 0.2 to 0.3 percent. Natural uranium contains 0.71 percent uranium-235. 14. The capacity factor averaged over 40 years assumed in ERDA-I is 56.5 percent compared to our 65 percent over 30 years. On the other hand our calculation neglects the uranium invested in the initial core-approximately 500 tons of UsOs or the equivalent of another 5.5 percent in average load factor over 30 years. 15. Roger Legassie, "Oversight Hearings on Nuclear Energy-Part I," April 28, 1975, p. 142 ff. 16. Robert Smith, "Oversight Hearings on Nuclear Energy-Part I," April 28, 1975, p. 160 ff. 17. John Hill, "Oversight Hearings on Nuclear Energy-Part II," June 2, 1975, p. 53 ff. 18. Duane Chapman and Timothy Mount, "Oversight. Hearings on Nuclear Energy-Part II, June 2, 1975, p. 157 ff. 19. John C. Fisher, "Energy Crisis in Perspective" (New York, Wiley, 1974), p. 94. 20. U.S. Department of Commerce, "Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1974." 21. Robert H. Williams, "Oversight Hearings on Nuclear Energy-Part II.” June 2, 1975, p. 79 ff. See also the report by Marc H. Ross and Robert H. Williams, "Assessing the Potential for Fuel Conservation," available from the Center for Environmental Studies, Princeton University. 22. Ford Foundation Energy Policy Project, "A Time to Choose," (Cambridge Mass., Ballinger), Appendix F (1974), reprinted in the "Oversight Hearings on Nuclear Energy-Part II," pp. 92–106. 23. John G. Myers, "Energy Conservation and Economic Growth-Are They Incompatible?" "The Conference Board Record," p. 28 ff. (1975), reprinted in the "Oversight Hearings on Nuclear Energy-Part II," pp. 110-115. 24. Robert Nininger, "Oversight Hearings on Nuclear Energy-Part II," June 5, 1975. p. 383 ff. 25. USAEC, "Statistical Data of the Uranium Industry," January 1, 1974 (GJO-100 (74)). 26. Information provided for the record by Robert Nininger, July 14, 1975. 27. WASH-1537, page 6A.1-5. 28. Based on figures in U.S. Department of Interior, "Energy Perspectives," p. 166 (1975). 29. Mr. Milton Searl, "Oversight Hearings on Nuclear Energy-Part II", June 2, 1975, p. 404 ff. and accompanying paper entitled "Views on Uranium and Thorium Resources" by Milton F. Searl and Jeremy Platt, reprinted on pp. 521-534. 30. For details see "Uranium Resources to Meet Long Term Uranium Requirements" (EPRI Special Report #5, November, 1974) reprinted in "Oversight Hearings on Nuclear Energy-Part II", pp. 405–520. 31. ibid, p. 49. 32. U.S.G.A.O., "The Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor: Promises and Uncertainties" (1975), p. 39. 33. Alfred M. Perry and Alvin M. Weinberg, "Thermal Breeder Reactors,” "Annual Reviews of Nuclear Science 22", 317, (1972). 34. ERDA, “Budget Estimates, Fiscal Year 1976 and Transition Period", Book II, p. NED/F-23. 35. J. J. Taylor, Oversight Hearings on Nuclear Energy-Part II, June 6, 1975, p. 626. 36. WASH-1535, p. 11.2–78 ff. 37. T. R. Stauffer, "Oversight Hearings on Nuclear Energy—Part II”, June 5, 1975. p. 560 ff. 38. T. R. Stauffer, R. S. Palmer, H. L. Wycoff, "Breeder Reactor Economics,” General Electric, Fast Breeder Reactor Department, Sunnyvale, Calif., 1975. 39. Irvin C. Bupp and Jean-Claude Derian, "Technology Review," July/August 1974, p. 27. 40. AEC, "The Nuclear Industry 1974” (WASH-1174-74), p. 45. 41. Robert D. Nininger "Oversight Hearings on Nuclear Energy-Part II”, June 5, 1975, p. 397. 42. It was calculated above that 200,000 megawatts of LWR capacity operated at an average 65 percent load factor with the current "once through" fuel cycle would consume approximately 1.2 million tons of UзOs over 30 years. By returning to previous uranium extraction levels at the enrichment plant (0.2 percent 235 tails) this requirement could be reduced to approximately 1 million tons. In 1973 the total U.S. electrical capacity was 424,000 megawatts at an approximately 50 percent average load factor. (U.S. Department of Interior, "Energy Perspectives," pp. 70, 80, 1975). In 1974 the electricity consumed stayed approximately constant (Duane Chapman, "Oversight Hearings on Nuclear EnergyPart II," June 2, 1975, p. 158.) 43. GAO, Report to the Congress, "The Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor Program-Past, Present, and Future" (1975), p. 27. 44. Thomas A. Nemzek, "Fiscal year 1976 Authorization Hearings Before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy," March 11, 1975, Supplementary Information Submitted for the Record, p. 61. 45. ERDA, "Report of the Liquid Fast Metal Breeder Reactor Program Review Group," ERDA-1, (1975), pp. 48, 49. 46. John J. Taylor, "Oversight Hearings on Nuclear Energy-Part II," June 6, 1975, p. 615 ff. 47. GAO, Report to Congress, "The Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor Program-Past, Present, and Future," (1975), p. 24. 48. ibid., p. 11. 49. ibid., pp. 16-18. |