94 MARITIME SYMBOLS. [CHAP. not to surprise us to find their correligionaries, as the Cretans may well be termed, adopting it at Lissos; where therefore their emblems on coins are doubly appropriate, first, as in a maritime city", and, secondly, as in a state probably Dorian in its origin10; or at least so surrounded by Dorian colonies, and by places connected with the Dorian religion, as Elyros and Tarrha, that our meeting with the types of the Dioscuri, although found in no other Cretan city, does not excite surprise. On the second coin the caps and stars of the Dioscuri are replaced by a dolphin, and, instead of a quiver and arrow, we see a female head, probably that of Artemis or Dictynna. Thus the maritime symbols, and those of the Cretan goddess of the chase are united as before, and shew that the coin must have belonged to this maritime Cretan city. I need not observe how the type of this goddess, found on the reverse of the second medal, agrees with what we have seen of her worship at Dictynnaeon, Rhokka, and elsewhere in the western part of the island. 39 CATTANEO, Lettera al Sestini etc. p. 15. 40 The Polyrrhenian district extended to the south sea, and Polyrrhenia was colonized by Achaeans and Laconians : (see Vol.1. p. 48. and above, pp. 47 and 49.) who are thus brought close into the neighbourhood of the Lissians. Elyros and Tarrha were also near Lissos, so that we cannot wonder that the Dioscuri should have settled here. 41 This second coin exists at Milan, in the royal cabinet of medals at the Brera palace, where I myself examined it. The Signor Gaetano Cattaneo, Director of the Cabinet, has written an essay on this and another coin of the collection, in the shape of a letter addressed to the celebrated numismatist Sestini, now no more, intitled: "Lettera al Signor Domenico Sestini, Direttore del Museo Numismatico di S. A. I. la gran Duchessa di Toscano, sopra due medaglie greche del gabinetto reale di Milano. Di G. C. Milano, 1811." A Frenchman, Monsieur du Mersan, criticized this essay of the Signor Cattaneo, and, by doing so, drew from the Italian numismatist an answer intitled : "Difesa della Lettera di G. C. al Signor Domenico Sestini sopra due medaglie greche del Gabinetto reale di Milano contro un articolo de Signor T. Du Mersan inserito nel giornale letterario intitolato Magazin Encyclopédique del mese di Ottobre, pag. 417. Milano, Nella stamperia reale 1811." In this little work the incensed Italian shews plainly enough his French critic's ignorance of even the elements of numismatics. XXVI.] THE SEA-GODDESS DICTYNNA. 43 95 If the coin belonged to the Illyrian Lissos, it would be difficult to account for the presence of Dictynna. Undoubtedly her worship spread from Crete to various other places. We find it in Rhodes, Lesbos, Thasos, Euboea, and other islands. She naturally adopted the habits of the islanders among whom she first dwelt, and became a sea-goddess, like Artemis herself, accompanying Apollo Delphinios to preside over the altars which were dedicated to them in many maritime towns and colonies. Temples were erected to her in Aegina, at Sparta, and near the Taenarian promontory, and she is represented on the coins of Lacedaemon 16, just as on those of Cydonia itself. She was worshipped on the Corinthian gulf, and, after having settled among the Phocaeans, on the coast of Asia Minor18, she accompanied their colony to the distant shores of Gaul9. But, widely spread as her worship became, she was not honoured on the coast of the Adriatic, and the Dictynna 48 46 42 HESIOD, Theog. 413. Πόρεν δέ οἱ ἄγλαα δῶρα, μοῖραν ἔχειν γαίης τε καὶ ἀτρυγέτοιο θαλάσσης. EURIPIDES, Hippol. 228. Δέσποιν ̓ ἁλίας Ἄρτεμι Λίμνας. 43 The notion connected with whom, from the time of the Homeric Hymnist, was invariably that of a sea god as to what it may have been in earlier times, see MUELLER, Aeschylos Eumeniden, p. 140. : 44 PLUTARCH, de solert. animal. p. 984. a. (Tom. iv. p. 989. ed. Wytt.) 45 PAUSANIAS, in different passages cited by HOECK, Kreta, Vol. 11. P. 177. 46 HOECK, 1. c. 47 PAUSANIAS, x. p. 890. 48 PAUSANIAS, VII. p. 529. RAOUL-ROCHETTE, Colonies Grecques, Tom. III. p. 94. HOECK, 1. c. 49 As appears from an inscription found at Marseilles, ΘΕΑ ΔΙΚΤΥΑ AHMOC MACC See HOECK, (Kreta, Vol. 11. p. 178.) who refers to the Mémoires de l'Instit. Nat. (Litter. et Beaux Arts,) An. IV. Tom. I. p. 170. 96 THE ILLYRIAN LISSOS. [CHAP. of Dalmatia never had an existence except in the imagination of a late Roman poet". The argument in favour of the Illyrian city, derived from the letters seen on the dolphin of the second coin, and which are supposed to denote Dalmion 52, or Dalminion 53, falls to the ground when it is remembered that the barbarian inhabitants of that country were as unacquainted with the use of money as they were with the worship of Dictynna. 54 These are considerations against which the greater historical celebrity of the Illyrian Lissos cannot for a moment weigh 55. On arriving at the church of Hághios Kyriakós, which the people called Kyrkos, we found, in a shed near it, the Papás of a neighbouring village, who, possessing some of the land of this little plain, was come to stay here a few days. He had brought with him no provisions, except some barley bread of the worst kind and a little indifferent oil, which latter article is to himself a forbidden luxury at present, it being now the great week 56 of the Greeks. For supper, then, a few herbs were boiled by the priest, and were eaten by 50 CLAUDIAN, de Sec. Cons. Stilich. v. 302. 51 By SESTINI. Dalmatiae lucos, abruptaque brachia Pindi, 52 STEPHANUS BYZAN. v. Aάλμiov. EUSTATHIUS, on Dionys. Perieg. v. 95. 58 STRABO, VII. p. 315. Δαλμίνιον δὲ μεγάλη πόλις ἧς ἐπώνυμον τὸ Ovos. EUSTATH. 1. c. 54 STRABO, Χ. p. 315. Ἴδιον δὲ τῶν Δαλματέων, τὸ διὰ ὀκταετηρίδος χώρας ἀναδασμὸν ποιεῖσθαι· τὸ δὲ μὴ χρῆσθαι νομίσμασι πρὸς μὲν τοὺς ἐν τῇ παραλίᾳ ταύτῃ ἴδιον· πρὸς ἄλλους δὲ τῶν βαρβάρων πολλοὺς κοινόν. See also the SCHOLIAST ON DIONYSIUS PERIEG. V. 97. 55 SESTINI lets it weigh against some of them in his Descrizione d'alcune Medaglie greche del museo del Signore Carlo D'Ottavio Fontana di Trieste, per Domenico Sestini, p. 35. where he concludes, "Dai geografi poi si parla d'un Lissus dell' Illirico più celebre del Cretico, e non saprei decidermi, se per la nostra medaglia debba preferire quello o il Cretico." 56 Η μεγάλη ἑβδομάδα. XXVI.] LENTEN FARE. 97 himself, Maniás, and my companion : for my own part I lay down supperless 57. 57 MATRON, in Athenaeus, Iv. p. 134. f. Ἔνθ ̓ ἄλλοι πάντες λαχάνοις ἐπὶ χεῖρας ἴαλλον, ἀλλ ̓ ἐγὼ οὐ πιθόμην! Would that I had refrained in order to enjoy such a feast as followed the herbs in the house of Xenocles! We should have been glad indeed to have had, now, even that lenten fare of salt fish and sea-urchins, which Matron there disdained to touch : Ωμοτάριχον ἐῶν χαίρειν Φοινίκεον ὄψον· αὐτὰρ ἐχίνους ῥῖψα καρηκομόωντας ἀκάνθαις. WALK TO SUIA. VULTURES, EAGLES, FALCONS, AND THE COCK OF SITE AND REMAINS April 28. AFTER a night spent without obtaining much sleep, I found, at day-break, that I was covered with traces of the ravages committed on me by the light troops, which, in this part of the world, invariably take up their quarters in unfrequented buildings, even more than in inhabited ones; and whose attacks had been kept up, with the most annoying perseverance, throughout the night. I was still so weak and unwell that I hardly knew what course to adopt, when I learnt that the direct road to Súia, about three miles further to |