in 1927 .. For the purposes of this address, I have somewhat extended the scope of the enquiry, and have brought the results down to the year 1929. DAVIES, C. E.

(5838

AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS AND TENANT RIGHT, BEING A TREATISE ON THE LAW OF AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS. Ed. 3, with chapters on The Practice of Tenant Right Valuation, by N. E. Mustoe, and Customs of the Country, by J. E. Tory. 503 pp. London, Estates Gaz., Ltd. [1935.]

"This edition . . . consists of four parts, namely, (1) A treatise on the law relating to agricultural holdings, (2) A dissertation on the practice of tenant right valuation, (3) The customs of the country, and (4) The text of the Acts relating to agricultural holdings, including the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1926.'

The first part discusses the holdings to which the act applies; the tenants to whom it applies; the rights of the landlord; compensation for improve ments, for high farming, for disturbance, for damage by game; the law with respect to fixtures, rent and notice to quit; miscellaneous rights of landlord and tenant; market gardens; arbitration and recovery of compensation. DAVIES, E. W.

(5839

COMMUNITY AND THE LAND. Contemporary Rev. 116: 685–690. 1919. A discussion of the enclosure of commons in England, and of the community's rights as against the landlord's interest in his property. DOUGLAS, D. C.

(5840

FRAGMENTS OF AN ANGLO-SAXON SURVEY FROM BURY ST. EDMONDS. With Anglo-Saxon and Latin text. English Hist. Rev. 43: 376-383. 1928. "Fragmentary as the survey is, it nevertheless throws a bright light upon the economic conditions of the estates of the abbey at the time of Abbot Leofstan (1045-65). At that period, it is clear, the lands of the abbey were organized upon a basis of food-rents. . . There are, however, indications that the system is beginning to break down. On the one hand, subordinate payments of money assessed in Danish oras of sixteen pence have made their appearance; on the other, the abbot seems to be having some difficulty in maintaining the old farm' in its entirety . . . In short, this document appears in many ways in remarkable conformity with the other East Anglian evidence and also with the arrangements which can be found underlying the hundreds and geld carucates of the Little Domesday. It strongly suggests a definite sequence whereby the earlier hides were broken up by the Danish settlement, which introduced the manlot or bovate as the typical peasant holding, and constructed a fiscal scheme thereupon that implied leets corre sponding to the small Danish hundreds elsewhere. This in turn gave place to an assessment by large hundreds and geld carucates. But these carucates neither before or after Domesday conformed to the actual facts of East Anglian peasant tenure."

DURANT, HENRY.

(5841)

THE DEVELOPMENT OF LANDOWNERSHIP, 1873-1925 WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BEDFORDSHIRE. Sociol. Rev. 28 (1): 85–99. 1936.

"It is much to be regretted that no systematic survey of the ownership of land in this country has been undertaken since the celebrated New Domesday Book of 1873."

A table gives the results of an investigation of the number and area of es tates of over 100 acres in Bedfordshire in 1873 and 1925. It shows that "the number of smaller properties up to 700 acres in area has increased. Properties of a greater area than this have declined in number and extent... The total area covered by private estates over 100 acres in area has declined." The author discusses the various factors that have contributed to these results and concludes that they have been working in one direction: "to cause the selling up of the landed estates and the disappearance to a considerable extent of the landowning class... We can note that legislation and taxation have rendered landownership less attractive, but it must also be observed that the selling of land on a large scale already took place before e. g. the Budget of 1909 and the subsequent campaign against landlordism. The evidence available suggests that the disadvantages of large-scale ownership is a contributory motive to selling, but the decisive condition is the oppor tunity to realise a favourable price. It is only on this basis that we can attempt to explain the enormous transfer which took place in 1919 and the following years." The future trend of ownership of rural land is suggested.

STERBROOK, L. F.

(5842)

IS THE SMALL FARMER DOOMED? Nineteenth Century 97: 340-350. 1935. The writer sums up this article as follows:

"There is room for about 75,000 small cultivators on the land, but only provided that (1) food is cheapened to the consumer rather than made more expensive, and (2) the purchasing power of the 93 percent of the community not engaged in farming is raised from its present level. The farmer is as interested as anyone else in the restoration of international trade. There should be no real difficulty in finding land for them, but the tendency of modern developments in farming is for the smaller man to find it increasingly hard to compete with the larger. If it should be agreed (and this is open to question) that it is desirable to encourage these small, individual units, then the only practical means of enabling them to meet modern conditions with the hope of extracting a decent living from the land is to settle them in groups, with compulsory cooperation in buying, selling, processing, and ownership of machinery."

THE TENURE OF LAND.

Sat. Rev. 140: 530-531. 1925.

(5843)

"The tenure of land is obviously the primary element in agriculture that must be considered. The terms of the temporary or permanent possession of it by those who work it have a strong practical and psychological bearing on the manner in which they use it ... British agriculture owes an enormous debt to its landlords.

"It is not a question of being 'for' or 'against' landlords. It is a question of obtaining complete security of rent and tenure for the cultivator... of bringing an adequate supply of land for indifferent sized holdings into the market at a reasonable price; and of enabling the occupier to use the improvements that he has made to the land as a basis for credit."

›GE, N. C. W.

1931.

(5844)

AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS. Gard. Chron. [London] 89: 95-96. Outlines the duties of a tenant under the Agricultural Holdings Act, 1923, and gives the "Rules of good husbandry" defined in the act. COMPULSORY PURCHASE OF LAND. Gard. Chron. [London] 88: 368-369. 1930.

(5845)

"Owners of land may be required by law to surrender some or all of the rights they possess in or over their land for purposes of public utility

"There are a variety of purposes for which it may be necessary to acquire land compulsorily, and among them may be mentioned allotments, small holdings, burial and cremation, charities, education, open spaces and recreation grounds, prisons and reformatories, sewers and drains, and telegraphs and telephones. In addition, land may be required for the purposes of gas, electricity and water undertakings."

COPYHOLDS. Gard. Chron. [London] 89: 150-151. 1931.

(5846)

"By the Law of Property Act, 1922, every parcel of copyhold land became as from the end of 1925 enfranchised, and ceased to be of copyhold or customary tenure. There are, however, certain manorial incidents saved, but these will cease to have effect after ten years from the date named, if not previously extinguished by voluntary agreement or by compulsion."

GAVEL KIND AND BOROUGH-ENGLISH. 1931.

(5847)

Gard. Chron. [London] 90: 33-34.

Explains various types of tenure and the terms associated with them.

(5818)

THE SETTLED LAND ACT, 1925. Gard. Chron. [London] 89: 358. 1931. Discusses the "increased powers with regard to dealings with the land and effecting improvements thereon" granted to the tenant for life under the Settled Land Act of 1925.

ERNLE, LORD,

(584

ENGLISH FARMING PAST AND PRESENT. New edition, edited by Sir A. D.
Hall. Ed. 5, 559 pp. London, New York [etc.], Longmans, Green &
Co. [1936.]

Select list of agricultural writers down to 1700, pp. 473–479.

The book was written, according to the author, with "two convictions One was, that the small number of persons who owned agricultural lord might some day make England the forcing bed of schemes for land-nationalisation. The other was, that a considerable increase in the number of peasant ownerships, in suitable hands, on suitable land, and in suitste localities, was socially, economically, and agriculturally advantageous."

Partial contents: The Manorial System of Farming, ch. I, pp. 1-3 The Break-Up of the Manor, 1300-1485, ch. II, pp. 31-54; Farming for Profit Pasture and Sheep-Grazing, 1485-1558, ch. III, pp. 55-77, which discusses enclosures; Arthur Young and the Diffusion of Knowledge, 1760-1800, ch. IX, pp. 190-206, which takes up among other things, insecurity of tenure and Young's advocacy of capitalist landlords and large tenant farmers: Open-Field Farms and Pasture Commons, 1793-1815, ch. XI, pp. 224-252, The Rural Population, 1780-1813, ch. XIV, pp. 290-315, which discusses the effect of enclosures and the consolidation of farms.

(5850

THE LAND AND ITS PEOPLE: CHAPTERS IN RURAL LIFE AND HISTORY. 257 pp.
London, Hutchinson & Co. [1925?]

"The first five chapters deal with a striking change in our social and economic history. It is the transformation of rural districts in the cours of the transition from collective to individual farming, the altered position of cultivators of the soil, and the consequent torpor which has fallen on the life of country villages . . Finally, it may be hoped that a brief sketeh of the medieval system may help some dwellers in the country to realize with greater vividness new meanings and interests in their familiar sulroundings."--Preface.

Fallacies about Landlords, ch. VIII, pp. 194–215, was an "Address given at the Summer Meeting of Vacation Students in the Examination Schools at Oxford on 9th August, 1923." Some of the points made are that the landlord's income has been decreasing in the past hundred years, that the system of agricultural landowner and tenant operates as a method of cheap agricultural credit, founded entirely on private capital, and that by their example and leadership as well as their capital landlords have contributed to the progress of agriculture and that there are good reasons for the lan!owners' caution with regard to small holdings. The following charges are also explained and in part refuted: that landlords waste land by neglecting to improve land fit for reclamation, that they preserve game excessively, that they provide an inadequate supply of cottages and destroy independence by attaching their occupation to work on particular farms, that they have usurped the rights of the people and that private ownership of land is contrary to the laws of nature and natural rights.

OUR ENGLISH VILLAGES. Quart. Rev. 241: 23-42.

1924.

(5851

The manorial system of land tenure is described. "The group of persons who were gathered within the bounds of rural manors were, in the most liberal sense of the word and to a peculiar degree, communities... Their farming, on which all depended for daily food, was their common enterprise, Each individual took the produce of his own holding, but the whole body of partners cultivated the plough-land collectively. Their arable lots lay i strips intermixed with those of their neighbours; they cooperated in the labours for the lord of the manor; they grazed the pastures in commen they shared the meadows, often annually by lot; when the hay and corn were cleared, their combined flocks and herds roamed over the land together... "By the middle of the 16th century, serfdom and labour services had practically disappeared. Yet, so long as village farms survived, the relations of the occupiers to one another remained the same as at the Conquest. More and more of the intermixed strips of arable land might, through exchange or purchase, be consolidated in the hands of individuals. But, where the frame-work was intact, a large proportion of the population remained partners in the common enterprise, and most of the arable land was still cultivated in open fields."

But "national necessity demanded drastic change in the old village farms." An enclosure act was passed in 1801 and three commissioners were appointed "to devide, allot, and lay in severalty the open and common fields, common meadows, common pastures, Downs, and other commonable and waste lands." The need for subsidiary employment for dwellers in rural districts is stressed.

VERSLEY, G. J. SHAW-LEFEVRE, 1ST BARON.

(5852)

AGRARIAN TENURES; A SURVEY OF THE LAWS AND CUSTOMS RELATING TO THE
HOLDING OF LAND IN ENGLAND, IRELAND, AND SCOTLAND AND OF THE RE-
FORMS THEREIN DURING RECENT YEARS.
313 pp.
London [etc.], Cassell

& Co., Ltd. 1893.

"The multiplication of individual ownerships, the creation of systems of dual ownership between landlordowners and occupiers of land, the restriction of freedom of contract between landlords and tenants, and the conferring of inalienable rights on the latter, the giving power to local authorities to purchase land by agreement, or by compulsion, with a view to the creation of new classes of tenants, with more or less fixity of tenure, and to the erection of labourers' cottages, the use of State credit for turning tenants into owners and the reform of the laws of inheritance and transfer of land have been some of the methods adopted of a more or less tentative character." AVIGNY, PIERRE.

(5853)

LA RÉGIME AGRAIRE EN ANGLETERRE AU XIX SIÈCLE ET LA CONCENTRATION

DE L'EXPLOITATION AGRICOLE. 275 pp. Paris, Les Éditions Internation

ales. 1932.

Cover title dated 1933.

The author discusses the open-field village at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the counties in which the system was prevalent, and the modifications introduced during the course of its history. Thence he passes to a discussion of the enclosure and the various methods by which enclosures have been made at different times. The relation between the enclosures and the geological structure of the soil is discussed. A historical survey is given of the development of the non-Parliamentary and the Parliamentary enclosures during the nineteenth century. The effect of the nineteenth century enclosures on the average size of holdings and the new methods of agriculture occasioned by the increasing size of agricultural enterprises are described. Statistics show the average size of the agricultural enterprise in a number of counties and the distribution of pasture and arable farming land throughout the country.

DHAM, MONTAGUE.

(5854)

LAXTON: AN ANGLO-SAXON FARM. Country Life [London] 62: 676-678, illus. 1927.

This is a description of the former village of Lexington in Nottinghamshire, which still retains most of the features of the old communal system of land tenure. It is said that "absolute ownership of land is, of course, now... & definite feature of the English countryside, and, at Laxton, ownership of the open fields is vested in the lord of the manor, and the cultivators are tenants in the modern sense of the term, though some at least of the cottages and tofts are privately owned by or on behalf of these tenants. Moreover, some part of the estate has been enclosed and is held concurrently with the old strips by the individual tenants, and there has also been considerable sorting out and throwing together of strips... But the great open arable fields of about 900 acres, with some 1,200 strips, still remain. They are divided into the three fields... and the regular rotation of winter corn, spring corn and fallow, changing every year, goes on regularly year by year.'

(5855)

THE REBUILding of ruraL ENGLAND. 212 pp. London, Hutchinson & Co. [1924.]

The Land Question, ch. III, pp. 23-34, discusses the various ways in which rural land is held in England, the relative advantages of large and small holdings, and the methods of dealing with the position of the present landlords. Of the two means suggested, nationalization of land and fixing of rents, the writer believes that many of the smaller landlords and some of the larger estate holders would prefer to be bought out by the State. "Nationalization is not, from any point of view, a very complicated matter.

There would, of course, be certain gains arising from common control when such questions as reclamation of waste land, of waterways, drainage and irrigation, of replanning of farm boundaries and laying down of light railways, came to be dealt with; but there is no great value in any particular form of bare ownership. It is what goes with ownership, control and recte that has to be dealt with."

FORDHAM, Montague.

(5856

A SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLISH RURAL LIFE FROM THE ANGLO-SAXON INVASION

TO THE PRESENT TIME. 183 pp. London, G. Allen & Unwin Ltd.; New
York, C. Scribner's Sons. [1916.]

Includes scattered references on enclosures at different periods of history, pp. 62, 67–68, 71, 75–78, 83, 100-101, 107, 122–127, 133, 136, 152, 156, and on tenants and tenancy, pp. 67, 73, 81, 122–127, 132, 133-134, 137. FORDHAM, M. E., and FORDHAM, T. R.

(5857)

THE ENGLISH AGRICULTURAL LABOURER 1300-1925; AN HISTORICAL SKETCH. 63 pp. London, The Labour Pub. Co., Ltd. (1925.] Appendix. Some books to read, p. 63.

In the first chapter the authors describe briefly the England of 600 years ago "when England was farmed by small holders living in hamlets and sma villages. These men cultivated the land and managed the affairs of the village on a co-operative system handed down to them from very ancient times. In those days there were no landless labourers." Life and farming within the manor are explained. Then changes are traced and the coming of a new order is described, with the growth of a class of wealthy landowneS and the gradual dispossession of the small farmers. The loss of the land by the workers and the prevalence of enclosures are discussed. FUSSELL, G. E.

(5859

ENGLISH COUNTRYSIDE AND POPULATION IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. Ecc Geogr. 12: 294-310. 1936.

The author discusses the effect of enclosure on the cultivated area.

GARDINER, R. S.

(5859

THE POSITION OF THE LANDOWNER. Estate Mag. 32 (5): 346–348. 198 This is a plea for the landowner whose expenditure of capital has mainly created the agricultural value of land as distinct from its prairie value, and who has "borne a heavy share in agricultural depressions by acting as s buffer to absorb economic shocks . . . Not only is the agricultural land owner . . . the cheapest source of long-term credit, but the typical s cultural estate has provided that continuity of policy and management which provided the best farming and the most contented and loyal labour in the world."

GARNIER, R. M.

(5800

HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANDED INTEREST, ITS CUSTOMS, LAWS AND AG CULTURE.

GEARY, FRANK.

2 v.

London.

1892-93.

(586) LAND TENURE AND UNEMPLOYMENT. Preface by A. S. Comyns Carr. 250 p London, G. Allen & Unwin, Ltd. [1925.]

"We shall pursue this inquiry on historical lines by investigating from bef the Conquest until the present day the relations existing at various times tween employment and the availability of land. 'Availability' of land, we have seen that the area is sufficient, must depend on the method by wh that land is held or on the system of tenure obtaining at any particular perio We shall also endeavour to show the actual extent of the opportunities employment afforded by the land of this country. By such an inquiry se hope to be able to point to the cause of unemployment, to show if possi how it originated, and also to indicate the remedy."

GHOSH, JAJNESWAR.

A HISTORY OF LAND TENURE IN ENGLAND. 280 pp. Calcutta, Kar. Majum & Co. 1922.

Communism, ch. I, pp. 1–78, describes the system of communs holdings in early England, with special reference to the theory of agrar evolution developed by Seebohm and that of Vinogradoff.

Feudalism, ch. II, pp. 79-137, discusses the various types of tenure ated with feudalism, the development of the feudal system, and its advantag its results, and decline.