The separate units of composition across a piece of tabular work should be planned in multiples of nonpareils or picas, in order to use standard length leads and rules. If the added thickness of the down rules does not total even nonpareils, one-point or two-point leads may be added in suitable places. The justification of lines in the columns must be very exact.

Fig. 93.-Diagram of the composition in Fig. 92.

(1 picas wide)

Each column must be spaced out accurately to the measure of the length of the down rules running alongside. Carelessness in this matter will result in a loose form, and possible injury to the horizontal rules because of uneven pressure in the lockup.

Fig. 95 illustrates some of the methods used in tabular work. Modern and old-style figures are used to show the contrast in appearance when used in the column.

The matter of tone harmony between the type face and rules in tabular forms is important, although it is frequently disregarded. Many order

Table of Values of Product of Average Establish

ment in Eight of the Leading Industries

blanks and price sheets are unsightly because of a lack of care in choosing rules to match the type. Tables containing many down rules, crossed by full width horizontal lines, are sometimes

Down rules should run full length, whenever possible, while the cross rules should be broken at the intersections.

Fig. 95.

$79 50

composed in two forms, the horizontal lines being composed separately. They are then locked up together and printed "work and turn” on a double-size sheet which is afterward cut to proper size. This often saves considerable work.

SUGGESTIONS FOR PRACTICAL SHOPWORK

Study carefully the tabular form in Fig. 92, and the diagram for its composition. Then set up this or another table, following the plan as explained in the chapter. Where two or more columns are parallel, space out the first column to the full length, in the galley, before adding the second, and so on.

Many suitable projects in tabular composition may be found in the printing of practical jobs for the school district. No tabular jobs should be attempted by the student until he thoroly understands the method as explained in this chapter.

CHAPTER XI

The Linotype

One of the modern inventions in printing that has revolutionized the composition of body matter is the Linotype. This machine, invented in 1886, and since frequently improved, is one which casts lines of type characters on type-high metal strips, or slugs.

Matrices for the characters are made in different sizes and styles, and when ready for use, are in the matrix magazine placed at the top of the machine. A keyboard, in a degree similar to that of a typewriter, controls the dropping and assembling of these "mats" for casting. The lines are automatically justified by the action of spacebands which are dropped between the words in such places as we would insert three-em spaces in a type line. After the line of mats has been assembled and has passed to its position against the mold-wheel, these spacebands widen uniformly, correctly justifying the line. Immediately after this action molten metal is forced into the mold (which has been adjusted to the proper thickness in points and lengths in picas) and a slug or line of type is cast-hence the name, Lino-type. This line of mats automatically returns from the mold-wheel and each assumes its original position in the magazine while the next line is being assembled.

Because of the absence of justification by hand, and the almost wholly automatic operation of the machine, a high rate of speed in "composition" can be obtained on the Linotype. In addition to this fact, no distribution is necessary, for the used slugs are again put into the melting pot, to be cast over into other matter.

There are other machines on the market which cast slugs in a much smiliar manner. Among them are the Intertype, Linograph and Typograph.

Most of the newspapers, maga zines and other similar publications use the Linotype method for composition of the body matter in their regular news columns and in the advertisements. Some of them operate a large battery of machines, night and day. Slugs are also used quite extensively for the straight

matter in commercial printing. It can be set at less expense than by the method of hand composition, and it greatly facilitates the production of many ordinary jobs. When carefully laid out and planned for use with display matter, good results may be had from linotype composition in miscellaneous work. It does not, however, displace the element of display composition, nor the necessity of careful designing of the printed page.

Where the finer quality and distinction is desired, hand composition is usually produced. Slugs are necessarily cast in soft metal, and have not the perfection of foundry type. They do not hold the clear, sharp outlines of the characters in long runs.

A visit to printing plants in which linotyping, monotyping, and engraving is done, will give the student much additional information concerning these special methods.