jury system a crass, rude, awful intrusion into a realm where pure intellect should sit enthroned. He has got over that; his lifetime of service and experience has completely democratized him. "Experience has shown me," he says, "that men are on the whole open-minded and inspired by purpose to do right. The composite mind will come nearer the right conclusion than any other intellectual or moral standard.” Of course, a man whose life has been a training in personal efficiency, must have distinctive views about social and industrial efficiency. "Scientific management," he declares, "denies that there is any sphere for ignorance or lack of skill. It is to present modes of management, what the machine is to hand labor. It is not merely 'speeding up'; it is conservation of effort, removing obstacles, the shortening of hours, the organization of business to avoid unemployment, the greatest waste in American industry; it is the square deal that gives the worker a proper share of the profits he produces. LABOR GAINS BY SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT "It is charged that if men do more work without increased effort, there will be less work to do, and more loss of employment. Not at all. Greater producing capacity will mean greater compensation, greater consuming capacity. The demand for labor grows when the real demand for its product grows. "Apprehension of displacing the inefficient is unfounded; rather, scientific management aims to improve these; it provides practical teachers and special instruction to bring up the laggards. "Fear of hostility to unions is just as unfounded. Collective bargaining may as well determine the piece-price as the price of the day's work; it may agree on hours and conditions of work under one system as well as another. In the most successful unions, as cigar-makers and the shoe trade, the piece is the standard, and some earn two and three times as much as others at like work. "The social gains to the workingman are even greater than the financial. He secures a rise in self-respect, and that satisfaction with his work which goes with great accomplishments. Zeal and interest take the place of indifference, both because the workingman is called upon to do the highest work of which he is capable and because in doing it he secures appropriate reward. Under scientific management, men are led, not driven. Instead of working unwillingly, they work willingly. LABOR AND CAPITAL MUST BE PARTNERS "In order that the workingman may get his share of the benefits accruing from coöperation with his employer, the labor unions must participate with the employers in establishing the standards under which the workingman works. They must act in coöperation with the employers. They ought to take the initiative, where the employer is lagging in establishing scientific. management, in teaching the employer to avert waste from irregularity of employment or waste in material, plant, and the like. Labor ought to put itself in position to stop such things as a day rate and immediate discharge. It should provide against waste of work, above all else, since that is most vital to it. It should also provide against overwork and for reasonable hours, recreation, and exercise. "Labor and capital are to be partners. The first question before the partnership is, How much profit are we to make and how are we to divide it? Now is the time for the labor union to arrange for a larger share than it has heretofore received. It did not arrange for its proper share when machinery was introduced, it lost its chance because its membership was not properly organized and did not endeavor to get its proper share in the right manner. It never received its fair share. Now it has a second chance and it must utilize it. If a workingman can do a thing in two motions where before it has been done in five, eventually the two-motion method will supersede the other. With the same inevitableness, scientific management is superseding the old methods. It behooves labor, as well as capital, to provide for the new methods." Archæologists are finding a new and marvelously interesting field of exploration in the ruined cities of South and Central America. Evidences of a highly advanced stage of civilization have been found in these cities, but as yet little information has been obtained as to the race that inhabited them. Silent guardians of the history of a vanished people, the hieroglyphics carved upon their stones are still undeciphered, the many enigmas that they present are still unsolved T last many of the investigators who are seeking tangible result the caves of America for the Stela in the ruins of Quiriguá, Guatemala recently discovered, prove that the ancient city, which is now several miles from Lake Titicaca, was once on its shore. Here, indeed, was a great metropolis built in a region where corn cannot ripen, nor a dense population be supported; yet the vestiges of the ancient civilization silently proclaim a state of affairs entirely different. In the endeavor to reconcile such seeming paradoxes, scientists have advanced various theories. The recent study of southern geology and botany has given rise to the belief that there was a physical connection between South America and the Antarctic continental land. It is claimed that at a more remote geological period there was no South America, but only three land masses,- -a Guiana, a Brazil, and a La Plata island. These were divided by great sea inlets. There were no Andes. Then followed the long period through which the. Andes were slowly upheaved. On a journey that I made in the saddle along the high Puna of Peruover 14,000 feet above the sea-I found my way blocked by a peculiar dark mass that was spread for Largest stela in the ruins of Quirigua. This stela is some five feet square and over twenty feet high. Leaning at a sharp angle, it must extend at least ten feet underground miles over the plains. On examination, it proved to be oily peat of recent deposit. Later, I learned that several weeks previous, the great glacial mountain, Ananea, which dominates the plain, had erupted and released this product of vegetation which it had held for æons of time. The discovery of peat at this altitude impressed on my mind the fact of the great upheaval. I recalled that the bones of a mastodon had been discovered in Bolivia, 13,000 feet above the sea. Such an animal could not have existed at this elevation. Hence this leads to the conclusion that Tiahuanacu was built when the Andes were much lower than they now are, when corn could ripen and thus support the necessary population. If this is geologically impossible, then the mystery remains unexplained, unless we accept the theory that the site was chosen for safety, and that the llama was developed as a beast of burden to convey food from lower levels. Now comes the question, if Tiahuanacu was built when the Andes were, say, 2,000 feet lower, what is its age? Arthur Posnansky, a Bolivian engineer, in a recent report to the Congress of the Americanists, defends the theory that Tiahuanacu was built when the plateau was several thousand feet lower, and making his estimate from the rise of the continent in modern times, he gives Figures of women are graven upon the front and back of this stela, and glyphs on either side |