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plete plays, entitled Chief Contemporary Drama tists.

The

Java, Madoera, and the outpost provinces at the end of 1905 are given in the table below:

Madoera

The study of the drama was also encouraged by the publication of several very valuable studies in contemporary stagecraft. Among these Java new books, mention must be made of: Theatre of To-day, by Hiram Kelly Moderwell; The New Movement in the Theatre, by Sheldon Cheney; The Modern Drama, by Ludwig Lewisohn; Aspects of Modern Drama, by Frank Wadleigh Chandler; The Changing Drama, by Archibald Henderson; and How to See a Play, by Richard Burton.

DRAMA IN EUROPE. See FRENCH, GER-
MAN, ITALIAN, SCANDINAVIAN, and SPANISH
LITERATURE.

DREADNOUGHT. See BATTLESHIPS.
DREAMS. See PSYCHOLOGY.

DREISER, THEODORE. See LITERATURE, ENG-
LISH AND AMERICAN, Fiction.

DRY DOCK. See DOCKS AND HARBORS. DU BOIS, AUGUSTUS JAY. American civil engineer and educator, died Oct. 19, 1915. He was born in Newton Falls, Ohio, in 1849, and graduated from the Sheffield Scientific School in 1869, later studying mechanics in Germany. In 1875 he was appointed professor of civil and mechanical engineering at Lehigh University, holding this position for two years, when he was made professor of mechanical engineering at Sheffield Scientific School, becoming professor of civil engineering at that institution in 1884. He published several books on engineering subjects, including: Elements of Graphical Statics (1876); and Elements of Mechanics (three volumes, 1893-95). He edited and translated important engineering works from the German. He also contributed numerous articles to technical journals concerned with the relation of science to the spiritual and supernatural.

DUNKARDS, or DUNKERS. See BRETHBEN, CHURCH OF THE.

DURNOVO, PETER NIKOLAIEVICH. Russian statesman, died Sept. 24, 1915. He was of a noble family of the Province of Chernigoff, and first became prominent while minister of the interior, during the repressions that followed the "Charter of Liberties" granted by Alexander III. He entered the government as an official of the interior department, later joining the police department, of which he finally became head. Following scandals in the department, he was dismissed, and for a time disappeared from sight, emerging as governor of one of the Volga Provinces under Nicholas II. He was made head of the department of posts and telegraphs shortly before the Russo-Japanese War. When Plehve was killed, he was appointed minister of the department of the interior to take the latter's place, resigning in May, 1906, as a result of disloyalty which, Witte declared, Durnovo showed toward him. He later became a member of the Council of the Empire, and in March, 1911, in company with Trepoff, was suspended from all sittings of the Council until January, 1912, at the instigation of Premier Stolypin.

DUTCH EAST INDIES. Possessions of the Netherlands, lying between Australia and the Asiatic continent. Capital, Batavia.

Benkoelen

Sq.m. Pop.

48,686 28,604,719 2,090 1,493,289

Outposts

Island of Sumatra:

Sumatra, West Coast

31,788

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Lampong Districts

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Palembang

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Sumatra, East Coast
Atjeh

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Riouw *

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Banka

Menado
Amboina t
Ternate †
Timor

Bali and Lombok

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The native population (exclusive of New Guinea) numbered 37,020,460 (Java and Madoera, 29,715,908); Europeans, 80,910; Chinese, 563,449; Arabs, 29,588; Orientals, other than natives, 22,970. Batavia had 138,551 inhabitants; Semarang, 96,600; Pekalongan, 41,719; Djokjakarta, 118,378; Padang, 91,440; Palembang, 60,985; Bandjermasin, 16,708.

PRODUCTION. Area (1912) under rice, 3,342,084 bahoes (1 baho=14 acres); production, 85,514,914 piculs; sugar cane, 281,994 (sugar production, 21,562,047 piculs); tobacco, 262,736; indigo, 14,583; other cultures, 3,704,660. Government coffee plantations (Java), 59,526 bahoes (production, 81,000 piculs); production from emphyteutic lands, 272,000; from private estates, 29,000. Tobacco: 30,673,631 kilos in Java, and 19,965,896 in Sumatra. Tea (Java), 29,412,704 kilos; cacao, 2,272,953 kilos. Tin from the government mines at Banka in 1911-12, 250,496 piculs; from private mines (as Billiton and Riouw), 76,914; total tin production, 191213, 20,219 tons. Coal production (1912), 673,121 metric tons; petroleum, 1,518,044 tons. Gold, silver, diamonds, copper, and manganese are mined.

COMMERCE. Government and private trade, merchandise and specie, are given for three years (in florins):

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The Netherlands is the important country of destination for exports, which consist mainly of sugar, coffee, tea, indigo, cinchona, tobacco, copra, and tin. A large export of rice goes to Borneo and China. There were entered at the ports in the 1913 trade, 6253 steamers, of 5,046,000 tons, and 2664 sailing vessels, of 192,000.

Railways in operation (1913), 1721 miles; government telegraph and cable lines, 12,319 miles.

FINANCE, ETC. Estimated revenue, 1915, 309,429,094 florins (1914, 295,229,458); expenditure, 338,440,625 (338,774,555). A. W. F. Idenburg was appointed governor-general, Aug. 20, 1909. DUTCH GUIANA, OR SURINAM. A colony of the Netherlands (between 46,000 and 49,000 square miles) on the northern coast of South America. Population (1910): 913 Europeans, 7894 Dutch East Indians, 19,683 British East Indians, 52,369 indigenous, 3643 other; total (exclusive of negroes in interior forests), 86,233. Of these, 36,480 are classed without occupation. Total at the end of 1913, 86,134. Immigrants employed under contract on plantations, Dec. 31, 1910, 11,561. Sugar production, 1912, 9,634,400 kilos (1910, 12,015,100); molasses, 197,100 litres (164,100); rum, 989,900 litres (797,800); cacao, 864,000 kilos (1,683,000); coffee, 196,900 kilos (202,300); corn, 1,290,600 kilos (1,323,000); rice, 2,659,300 kilos (1,993,700). Gold yield, 743,199 grams (1,081,476), valued at 1,081,183 florins (1,481,622); gold export, 981,588 florins (1,446,073). To tal imports, 1912, 7,494,063 florins (1910, 424,698); exports, 6,619,937 (8,345,447). Tonnage entered, 211,214. Revenue and expenditure (provisional), in 1914, 6,262,000 and 7,052,000 florins, respectively; subvention, 790,000.

DUTCH REFORMED CHURCH. See REFORMED CHURCH IN AMERICA.

DUTCH WEST INDIES. See CURAÇAO and DUTCH GUIANA.

DYCHE, LOUIS LINDSAY. American zoologist, educator, and explorer, died Jan. 20, 1915. He was born at Berkeley Springs, W. Va., in 1857, and graduated from the University of Kansas in 1884. After post-graduate studies at that university, he was appointed assistant professor of zoology in 1885, becoming in the following year professor of comparative anatomy, in 1890 professor of zoology and curator of birds and mammals, and in 1900 professor of systematic zoology and taxidermy. He made over twenty scientific expeditions; hunted all over North America from Mexico to Alaska; and was a nimrod also, in Greenland and the Arctic regions. These activities resulted in one of the largest and finest collections of North American mammals in the world. It became the property of the University of Kansas. He was the author of many articles on the subjects that chiefly interested him in scientific publications and other periodicals.

DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINERY. While there was only a slight increase in the capacity of the largest electric generators built in 1915 over those constructed in the previous years, large, high capacity machines were built

in greater quantity. At the close of the year an order for a 45,000 K. V. A. turbo-unit was announced, this being the largest ever constructed. The 35,000 K. V. A. generating set mentioned in the 1914 YEAR BOOK as being installed by the Philadelphia Electric Company was put in service early in 1915. In New York City, the substitution of turbine for reciprocating enginedriven generating sets was continued by the New York Edison and Interborough Rapid Transit Companies, the last named replacing, on the same floor space, four 7500 K. V. A. enginedriven units with three turbo generator sets, each one of which had a rating equal to that of all four old units combined, thus trebling the station capacity without enlarging the building.

Near Newark, N. J., the Public Service Corporation, supplying light and power throughout a large territory in that part of the State, was completing during the latter part of the year a power station in which the initial installation comprised two 25,000 kilowatt sets. The Detroit, Mich., Edison Company was building a power plant at Conners Creek, designed to comprise six 25,000 kilowatt units. In Toledo, Ohio, the Toledo Street Railways and Light Company started the operation of a 20,000 kilowatt generator in the Water Street station. This company also began the remodeling of its Detroit Avenue station, substituting turbo-generator units for engine-driven sets so as to secure a larger power output from the same floor space. The Chicago Edison Company ordered a turbogenerator set of 35,500 K. V. A. capacity of a type similar to those installed by this company recently, consisting of a Parsons type steam turbine directly connected to a three-phase 60-cycle alternating current generator. At Detroit, Mich., the Ford Motor Car Company put into use early in the year the largest continuous current generator ever built. It had a normal rating of 3750 kilowatts with a maximum capacity of 4500 kilowatts. Its armature was about 16 feet in diameter, and weighed 421⁄2 tons. The largest generators ever built for operation by water turbines were those installed during the year at Rjukan, Norway, and near Spokane, Wash., the former being rated at 17,000 K. V. A., and the latter at 13,900 K. V. A.

There was little change in the design or size of alternating current motors installed for industrial uses during the year, and while for mill and factory purposes the induction motor was the commonest type, there were many cases where the synchronous machine was preferred by engineers. A new field for the application of induction motors was opened by the satisfactory performance in service of motors of this kind for the "split phase" system on the Norfolk and Western Railway electric locomotives. ELECTRIC RAILWAYS.)

(See

The United States Navy Department began the installation in the superdreadnought California of two steam turbo-generator units for furnishing energy to four electric propelling motors, the largest electric ship propelling plant ever built. The two generating sets were designed for a capacity of 37,000 horse power in order to furnish energy for operating the ship at 22 knots speed. The propeller motors were rated normally at 7500 horse power and were to operate at 4000 volts with 25 cycle, quarter phase alternating current, being so wound that connection can be made for using either 24 or 36 poles. The ob

ject of this was to secure more economical operation at cruising speeds of 15 knots or less, as under these conditions only one generator will be required and the motors will be on the 36-pole connection, and it was expected that even under these conditions the ship would be able to make 18.5 knots per hour. The exciting generator units of 300 kilowatts each were also to be turbine driven. See also BATTLESHIPS.

DYESTUFF. See CHEMISTRY, INDUSTRIAL. EARTH, AGE of. See GEOLOGY. EARTHQUAKES. Central Italy was visited by a heavy earthquake on Jan. 13, 1915, which proved to be one of the most disastrous occurrences of recent record, as measured by the loss of life, which was placed at over 30,000. The devastated region included the mountain districts of the Abruzzi, with the epicentral tract close to the city of Avezzano, where about 90 per cent of the 11,000 inhabitants were reported to have been killed. Pescina had 4500 victims, and some of the villages in the vicinity were literally wiped out, only piles of débris remaining to mark their sites. In completeness of devastation the earthquake probably has had no equal within recent times, although the loss of life was not so large by half as in the Messina disaster. The area of damage extended across the peninsula from Rome on the west, to Chieti on the Adriatic side, a distance of 110 miles, and from Ancona, Perugia, and Grosseto on the north, to Naples and Potenza on the south, in all an area of 56,000 square miles. The main shock was followed by two lighter ones in rapid succession; and minor disturbances were felt for several days, as many as 120 having been recorded at Rome in the first 48 hours. Despite its destructiveness, the disturbance was not of extraordinary violence in the estimation of seismologists; the great loss of life was rather the result of the poor type of construction of the buildings in that part of Italy, the houses being built mainly of stones joined with a little cement. Heavy shocks have not been common there, as the region lies to the north of the main seismic zone in which they usually originate. Otherwise the year's record was uneventful, although mention may be made of one or two occurrences that possessed local interest. A moderate shock was felt in Southern California, Western Arizona, and the adjacent part of Mexico, arousing some apprehension for the safety of the great irrigation system of the Imperial Valley, which, however, was only slightly damaged.

The few fatalities were confined to the Mexican town of Mexicali and were incident to the collapse of buildings. Current opinion seemed to have connected the disturbance with a reopening of the San Andreas fault, in the same way as the San Francisco disaster may be traced to a slipping of the earth on opposite sides of that fracture. There was really no basis for such a view, however, for the fault, so far as can be seen, terminates in Ventura County and lies close to the coast throughout its extent. Slight tremors were reported on December 7th from various parts of the Mississippi Valley from Illinois south to Tennessee and Arkansas.

EAST AFRICA PROTECTORATE. The territory lying between the Umba and Juba rivers, from German East Africa to Italian Somaliland and Abyssinia, and inland to Uganda; a British dependency. Estimated area, about 200,000 square miles, inclusive of coast territory

leased from the Sultan of Zanzibar. The popu lation is estimated at about 4,000,000, including about 25,000 Asiatics and 3500 Europeans. Mombasa, the largest town and chief port, has a population of about 30,000 (230 Europeans). Nairobi (14,000 inhabitants, of whom about 800 are Europeans, and over 3000 Indians) is the administrative headquarters and the central station of the Uganda Railway. At Kilindini improvements are in progress that will make it the finest harbor on the east African coast and the centre of trade for equatorial Africa. In 1912, of the 338,033 acres (9844 freehold, 328,189 lease) classed as productive, 310,145 were devoted to grazing, 27,888 to crops. Cattle, sheep, and ostriches are raised. The crops include grains, coconuts, cotton, sisal, rubber, tobacco, coffee, and fruits. The worked mines yield carbonate of soda, limestone, graphite, and gold. The cost of construction of the Uganda (Mombasa-Victoria) Railway (602 miles) to March 31, 1914, was approximately £6,289,917. Four steamers are operated on Victoria Nyanza in connection with the railway. Railway passengers carried (1913-14), 616,197; tons of goods, 189,556; revenue, £546,345; expenditure, £322,861. The telegraph system, exclusive of the lines in Uganda, has 2302 miles of line (the railway line has three wires). Commercial and financial figures follow:

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SEA.

ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION, AMERICAN. The twenty-eighth annual meeting of the association was held at Washington, D. C., from Dec. 27 to 30, 1915. The American Historical Association, the American Statistical Association, the American Sociological Society, the American Political Science Association, the American Association for Labor Legislation, the Nineteenth International Congress of the Americanists, the American Society of International Law, the Naval History Society, the American Folk-Lore Society, the American Anthropological Association, the Archæological Institute of America, and the Mississippi Valley Historical Association also held their annual meetings at the same place and time. Among the papers and addresses were the following: "Probable Changes in the Foreign Trade of the United States Resulting from the European War," by Emory R. Johnson; "The Value of Archives to the Student of Economics," by Frank W. Taussig; "The Apportionment of Representatives," by Walter F. Wilcox; "The Economic Costs of War," by John Bates Clark

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