hero worship, and thus causing others to seek notoriety in the same way.

Great indignation was caused in July and August by the report that the medical inspectors at Honolulu were using insulting discrimination against Japanese women travelling by steamship. The Japanese Government addressed the United States Government on the subject and the offensive practice was discontinued.

Some sensation was caused by a visit to Japan of the head of the Buddhists in Pekin. During the foreign military occupation of Pekin the Lama Temple was protected from spoliation by Japanese troops, and out of this grew up friendly relations between the Lamas and the Japanese. The visit of the Chief Lama to Tokyo was primarily to express his gratitude, but the Buddhist priesthood in Japan, whose influence is steadily on the decline, profited by the occasion to rehabilitate themselves by extolling the merits of the Buddhist over the Christian religion, as exemplified by the conduct of the soldiers of Japan and those of Christian countries during the operations in North China. The Nationalist party in Japan also tried to make capital out of the episode, by urging an alliance between China, Japan and Corea.

In September the Tokyo Chamber of Commerce presented a memorial to the Government praying for the removal of all restrictions against foreigners owning land or opening mines in Japan.

In July was performed with much éclat the ceremony of unveiling the monument erected at Kurihara in commemoration of the landing at that port of Commodore Perry, of the United States Navy.

There had always been some doubt whether foreigners could hold Japanese railways as securities for loans. The Department of Communications decided the question in September by declaring that all immovable property might be given as security for loans. An attempt was made to put 50,000,000 yen of Japanese bonds on the American market, but it proved a failure, and Japan had to readjust her finances to suit the position. The money was required for the extension of the railway and telegraph systems, which now are paying an average of 6 per cent. Japan's financial position is sound enough, although her credit is not as good as she expected. Last year's revenue showed an increase of nearly 8,000,000 yen over the previous year, and this was not caused by any extraordinary measures, but was the result of natural expansion of the revenue. This year's Budget, which was presented to the Diet in the month of December, 1901, showed a surplus in ordinary revenue of 47,000,000 yen, and it was proposed that this amount, together with 38,000,000 yen of new Chinese indemnity and 15,000,000 yen of the old Chinese indemnity, should be applied to the reduction of the national debt and to the extension of railways and telegraphs.

At the close of the year the railway mileage in operation was: Government lines, 959 miles; private lines, 2,905 miles.

Some correspondence took place between the Japanese and British Governments on the subject of emigration to Australia. The language test clause of the Australian Alien Immigration Bill had the effect of excluding Japanese, and this discrimination was much felt in Japan.

A new iron foundry, erected at a cost of 10,500,000 yen, was opened at Wakamatsu in November. It reduces ore procured in the country and in China, and it is hoped that Japan will become independent of foreign importation of iron, which costs her some 20,000,000 yen annually.

In the autumn Marquess Ito started on a tour, going via America and visiting Russia, Germany, England and other countries. He was received with great honour wherever he went, but it was not known that any political results had followed.

III. COREA.

Early in the year fears existed that a plot was being laid for the extermination of foreigners and Christians-the outcrop of the anti-foreign movement in China. The foreign representatives warned the Government, and no outbreak occurred.

In March the Corean Government came to a decision to send representatives to the principal foreign Powers.

Several attempts were made to oust Mr. J. McLeavy Brown from his position as Chief Commissioner of Corean Customs. He was ordered to vacate his premises and given his congé, but he ignored the messages and remained at his post. The intervention of the British, Japanese and American representatives put a stop to these intrigues. The object of Mr. Brown's opponents was doubtless to obtain the control of the considerable balance of Customs funds standing in his name. In April a French syndicate negotiated terms for a loan of 5,000,000 yen to the Corean Government, secured on the Customs revenue; but the affair fell through owing to the opposition of some of the foreign representatives.

The

An outbreak occurred in May on the island of Quelpart in which several hundred Catholic converts lost their lives. riots arose out of some land tax disputes in which the converts intervened. French vessels of war repaired to the island, and order was restored.

Both the Russians and the Japanese obtained concessions of land at the port of Masanpo, where the two Powers watched each other's proceedings with a jealous eye.

In May a concession was granted to a company of Coreans and Japanese to construct a railway from Seoul to Fusan, a distance of 287 miles.

A treaty between Belgium and Corea was ratified in October.

AA

IV. HONG-KONG (BRITISH).

In March the offices of Colonial Secretary and Registrar General, which had been held conjointly since 1895, were again separated. In the same month the Waglan Lighthouse, erected by the Chinese Government in 1893, was taken over by the Colonial Government.

Bubonic plague, which recurs each year with regularity, appeared in the month of May and continued for some months. It claimed this year a greater percentage of European victims than in former years. The residents of Hong-Kong presented a petition to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, praying that in view of the regular appearance of the plague a commission wholly unconnected with the Colony should be appointed to report on its sanitary condition. The Colonial Office acceded to this prayer.

The population of Hong-Kong at the census of 1901 was 284,000.

V. WEI-HAI-WEI (BRITISH).

On January 1 Wei-hai-wei passed from the control of the War Office to that of the Colonial Office. In April the Colonial Office gave instructions for the application of the Ceylon mining laws to Wei-hai-wei. In May Major-General Dorward was appointed Commissioner of Wei-hai-wei and its dependencies.

In July was published an order in Council appointing a Commissioner to administer the government of Wei-hai-wei. Under the order any of the laws and ordinances of Hong-Kong may be applied mutatis mutandis. The order also establishes a High Court of Wei-hai-wei. In civil cases between natives All

the court is to be guided by native law and custom. residents within the walled city of Wei-hai-wei are to remain under Chinese jurisdiction. A Land Commission is also constituted under the order.

VI. KIAOCHOW (GERMAN).

Captain Jaeschke, Governor of Kiaochow, died of typhoid in January. He was succeeded by Captain Truppel of the Imperial German Navy.

The Estimates for 1901 amount to 552,500l., of which 537,500l. is put down as State grant-in-aid. Receipts from local sources amount to 15,000l.

The Kiaochow-Kaomi Railway was opened in September, and in November the line was extended as far as Changling in the province of Shantung, a distance of 128 kilometres from Tsingtau, the seaport of Kiaochow.

VII. TONGKING (FRENCH).

Under the auspices of M. Doumer, Governor-General of French Indo-China, a company was formed in June with a

capital of 70,000,000 francs for the construction of a railway from Laokai on the frontier to the city of Yunnan, a distance of 290 miles. The Indo-Chinese Government guarantees an annual payment of 3,000,000 francs for interest and sinking fund.

Prince Henry of Orleans died at Saigon on August 9.

VIII. SIAM.

Siam passed through a year of prosperity. Under the able guidance of the King much progress is being made a cleanhanded officialdom is being created; the finances are flourishing; there is no public debt; the revenue is increasing; crime is decreasing, and an excellent provincial gendarmerie is effecting a great change in law and order. The foreign relations of the country are not in such a happy state owing to the constant fear of aggression at the hands of France. Siam claims that all the stipulations of the treaty of 1893 have been loyally fulfilled by her, and that in consequence France should now carry out her promise of evacuating the port of Chentabun; but before consenting to do so France is trying to obtain further concessions. She asks for an extension of her territory across the Mekong, for certain commercial privileges in the Mekong Valley, and for the employment of Frenchmen in the Siamese Government service. Siam, on her part, asks that there should be a reconsideration of the registration system under which thousands of natives obtain French protection; and also that Siam should resume jurisdiction in the twenty-five kilometre neutral zone along the Mekong and in the Angkor-Battambang district.

A political question of some importance was raised by the granting by the Sultan of Kelantan of a mining concession to a British company. The Siamese Government disputed the validity of the concession until after it had been ratified by Siam. On behalf of the English company it was argued that by an old treaty still in force Siam had recognised the independence of the Sultan. It was believed that Siam was merely using the mining concession as a pretext for reviving her claim to suzerainty over Kelantan.

A considerable falling off in British mercantile interests is to be noted. In former years 80 per cent. of the shipping was British; gradually the German flag has been gaining until in the year under review it has overtaken the British flag.

Siam's first railway line-that from Bangkok to Koratwas opened by the King in January. The line is only 165 miles long, but it has taken eight years to complete. The original estimate was 600,000l., but in the end it cost 1,200,000l. It has proved a most costly line in time, litigation and life; thirtyfive Europeans and 7,000 Asiatics have died while employed on construction work. The litigation arose out of a contract with

Mr. Campbell, who had contracted to construct the line for the equivalent of 600,000l. It was in 1896, after he had been four years on the work, that Mr. Campbell's contract was cancelled, whereupon the matter went to arbitration, and in the end the Siamese Government had to pay 160,000l. damages.

The land law of Siam has been reformed by the adoption of a new registration system. The main feature lies in the issue to holders of land of new title-deeds based on actual survey and the registration of all changes of ownership subsequently made. It is a modification of the well-known Torrens system, adapted to Siamese laws and customs.

The rice crop was unusually abundant, and the steps now being taken by the Government to improve the system of irrigation will in the near future bring much more land under cultivation.

A copyright law was issued in August bringing Siam into line with English law, and thus giving protection to authors for forty-two years.

The year has seen an immense increase in the trade between the Chinese province of Yunnan and Northern Siam, as also between the British Shan States and Siam. It is all carried on by caravan.

On May 5 the King and Queen left Bangkok on a visit to Java. They returned on July 24.

M. Rolin Jacquemyns, who had been for many years political adviser to the Government, retired in April.

Admiral de Richelieu of the Siamese Navy retired in August.

BYRON BRENAN.

CHAPTER VII.

AFRICA (WITH MALTA).

I. SOUTH AFRICA.

A

THE hopes cherished in the latter part of 1900 that the year 1901 would bring with it a restoration of peace and a revival of prosperity in South Africa were bitterly disappointed. sketch of the history of the war, which follows this general introduction, comprises the leading facts of the military operations in the Transvaal, the Orange River Colony, Cape Colony and Natal. Within this article we shall endeavour to compress a statement of the political situation and of such South African affairs as can be detached from the doings of the contending armies. The salient fact to notice is that throughout the year Parliamentary Institutions were in abeyance. The extent and ramifications of rebellion among Dutch British subjects rendered necessary the application of martial law to the entire